Azərbaycan Respublikası “ÇAĞ” Öyrətim İşlətmələri

«TƏRCÜMƏŞÜNASLIQ VƏ ONUN MÜASİR DÖVRDƏ ROLU»  II Respublika tələbə elmi-praktik konfransı 
 
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Various rhetorical strategies of repetition,formal lexical-grammatical means, meto-
nymy, metaphor, the names of person, place, literature, brand names are creatively 
crafted and widely employed within the text arouse more attention of the receiver, 
to initiate cognitive poetic effects and somehow literary, to perform diverse com-
municative functions. They persuade the receiver to recognize the prominent inter-
cultural values and furthermore construct the identity of cultural pluralism. It is 
important to remember that texts operate within a particular culture, and operate 
within the values systems of that culture. 
Thus the cognitive approach to text is based on inseparaple relations between 
language, cross-culture and academic knowledge. Text is viewed as ”the dialogue of 
cultures” in the general context of intercultural communication. Intercultural com-
munication is reflected in language  choice as a means of constructig text, but also in 
the knowledge of its functioning in a social context which developes cognitive skills 
needed to understand discourse realia. 
To acquire intercultural competences means to pay attention to certain words, 
phrases and to find the meaning they convey. A sender then defines specific concepts 
in a foreign language in order to solve differences in communicative style. But it 
isn’t enough merely to know the meaning of words, their typical collactions, or even 
the contexts in which they are most frequently used. The primary use of language is 
for communication, and so a speaker must also know what people do with words, 
what they use them for. Why they are using the language is at least as important as 
their actual words. It also shows us how to see what words and combination of 
words are used to express such common functions as suggesting, ordering, apolo-
gizing, criticizing, encouraging and complimenting. It also shows us how to use the 
language for discourse purposes such as emphasizing, focusing, downplaying, etc. 
So by looking at a different socio-culture domains and comparing them with his or 
her own culture a speaker gets closer to the culture of foreign language. When the 
complexties of intercultural communication are analyzed and acknowledged, its 
significance becomes a formidable challenge. It is only in recent decades that lin-
guistics have begun to think about how they can extend their understanding of 
communication beyond the emphasis on should help us to find out how the concep-
tual picture of the world, inherent in each language, is formed. 
In general terms,sociolinguistics deals with the interrelationships between lan-
guage and society. It has strong connections to anthropology through the crucial 
role that language plays in the organization of social groups and institutions. 
In the study of world’s cultures, it has become clear that different groups not 
only have different languages,they have different world views which are reflected 
in their languages. In the sense that language reflects culture, this is a very impor-
tant observation and existence of different world views should not be ignored when 
different languages and different discourses are studied. 

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THEORY OF TRANSLATION AND                            
PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 
Samir  BABAYEV 
Qafqaz University Translation Department II 
Supervisor: Shafaq…. 
 
When we need to communicate we have to know a language. Translation is a 
one part of it. They’re in the same unity and connected with each-other. It’s impos-
sible to think about them separately. At the same time it’s not so easy to keep all 
the rules while translating something either. ‘Cause of it theory was created. Although 
it’s importance not everyone who speaks has to know this theory. It’s not needed for 
everyone. Translators need it for escaping from any misunderstandings and present 
their thoughts clearly. 
Translation, or "interpretation," is an intellectual activity that consists of facili-
tating oral or sign-language communication, either simultaneously or consecuti-
vely, between two or among three or more speakers who are not speaking, or signing, 
the same language. 
The words "interpreting" and "interpretation" both can be used to refer to this 
activity; the word "interpreting" is commonly used in the profession and in the 
translation-studies field to avoid confusion with other meanings of the word 
"interpretation” 
But it’s theory is an assumption or system of assumptions, accepted principles, 
and rules of procedure based on limited information or knowledge, devised to 
analyze, predict, or otherwise explain the nature or behavior of a specified set of 
phenomena; abstract reasoning. For example, before trying to create something an 
inventor makes it’s draught. Then sticks the parts. That’s theory. It is the same in 
translation too. A person who wants to be a translator has to know language and 
translation rules. He studies, learns, knows then puts everything into a practice. 
Translation is a big job. Requires great patience and great desire. 
The study of proper principle of translation is termed as translation theory. This 
theory, based on a solid foundation on understanding of how languages work, 
translation theory recognizes that different languages encode meaning in differing 
forms, yet guides translators to find appropriate ways of preserving meaning, while 
using the most appropriate forms of each language. Translation theory includes 
principles for translating figurative language, dealing with lexical mismatches, rhe-
torical questions, inclusion of cohesion markers, and many other topics crucial to good 
translation. 
Basically there are two competing theories of translation. In one, the predomi-
nant purpose is to express as exactly as possible the full force and meaning of 

«TƏRCÜMƏŞÜNASLIQ VƏ ONUN MÜASİR DÖVRDƏ ROLU»  II Respublika tələbə elmi-praktik konfransı 
 
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every word and turn of phrase in the original, and in the other the predominant 
purpose is to produce a result that does not read like a translation at all, but rather 
moves in its new dress with the same ease as in its native rendering. In the hands of 
a good translator neither of these two approaches can ever be entirely ignored. 
Conventionally, it is suggested that in order to perform their job successfully, 
translators should meet three important requirements; they should be familiar with: 
• the source language 
• the target language 
• the subject matter 
Based on this premise, the translator discovers the meaning behind the forms in 
the source language and does his best to produce the same meaning in the target 
language - using the forms and structures of the target language. Consequently, what 
is supposed to change is the form and the code and what should remain unchanged is 
the meaning and the message. 
Generally translation has 2 kinds. First one is Simultaneous, and the other 
one’s Consecutive translation. In simultaneous translation an interpreter translates at 
the same time while a speaker speaks. The more difficult kind is this one. But in 
Consecutive translation a translator translates after a speaker finishes his some sen-
tences included thoughts. It’s easier than simultaneous. In spite of these easiness 
they’ve such many difficulties. A translator has to know a culture, proverbs, sayings 
and etc. about a language that he or she is going to translate. For example : While 
translation we say “Səndən hərəkət, məndən bərəkət ”, but in English it’s said “God 
helps them that help themselves” You saw…We didn’t translate it in word for 
word translation. If it had been so it would be like this.” An action from you, an 
abundance from me”. At the same time it would be enough ridiculous. An other - 
In German. They say : “ Wer den Pfennig nicht ehrt, ist des Talers nicht  wert ”, the 
meaning is “Take care of the pence, and the pounds will take care of themselves 
”… Other - In Spain it’s said: “ Mas vale pacaro en mano, que ver, un ciento volar 
”…means “It’s better to have a bird in hand, than to have a hundred fly by ”…..In 
Italian they say : “ Chi trova un amigo, trova un te soro ”.. means “One who finds a 
friend, finds a treasure ”…..Another – In Russian it’s said : “  Не  имей  сто 
рублей,  а  имей  сто  друзей ” means “ Don’t have a hundred rubles, but have a 
hundred friends. 
Languages like deep and confusable mazes. If you are interested in with them 
by heart you’ll realize that you know only basic parts of them. A translator has to 
translate so natural that an auditory don’t get be bored. He has to be a creator too. 
But not by changing a meaning of the topic. A translator have lots of methods and 
chances to make his translation be delighting and entertaining. Firs one is having 
an excellent brain, second one is a good writing skill while getting information 
during a translation, third one is being ready for any difficult situation, do not be 
excited and try to tame yourself. The translator should understand perfectly the 
content and intention of the author whom he is translating. The principal way to 

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reach it is reading all the sentences or the text completely so that you can give the 
idea that you want to say in the target language because the most important charac-
teristic of this technique is translating the message as clearly and natural as pos-
sible. If the translation is for different countries besides Mexico, the translator 
should use the cultural words of that country. For example if he/she has to translate 
”She is unloyal with her husband” in this country it can be translated as “Ella le 
pone los cuernos” but in Peru it can be translated as “Ella le pone los cachos”. In 
this case it is really important the cultural words because if the translator does not 
use them correctly the translation will be misunderstood. 
The translator should have a perfect knowledge of the language from which he 
is translating and an equally excellent knowledge of the language into which he is 
translating. At this point the translator must have a wide knowledge in both languages 
for getting the equivalence in the target language, because the deficiency of the 
knowledge of both languages will result in a translation without logic and sense….. 
In any case it is a language. If you look at it from far of course you will find it 
very easy. Even at first glance you will say I can talk in this language for a week… 
Sometimes it happens. You try to learn any language that you do not know and after 
a week you say I am speaking. But it doesn’t like a natural one. Certainly languages 
have their own uneasiness. That’s why interpreters meet with difficulties while 
translating. How do we get good translations? First of all, computer-generated 
translations won’t do. Don’t take my word for it. Go online, look up a free transla-
tion website and then have a few sentences translated into a foreign language. Then, 
take the translation that was generated, and have it translated back into English 
with the free service. Read it, and you’ll see why its not a good idea to use 
computer-generated translations for your marketing messages. Your texts will look 
unprofessional and less than competent to native speakers. 
So if a computer won’t do the job, you’ll need a person. What makes the prob-
lem worse is that, even after you receive a translation, you will probably not be 
able to judge its quality, unless of course you speak the language yourself. 
Machine translation is not a perfect translation. It’s discernible. Why ?.... Because 
this kinds of translation’s being robotic translation and at the same time it’s exis-
tence without a brain, feeling and imagination. While simultaneous interpretation a 
human can get some sentences and then express them with one sentence by keeping a 
major meaning. But a robotic translation is poor in here. It can be preferable in 
small conferences may be because of shortage to money, time or disbelief to inter-
preters. Depending on them nothing can replace a human translation. It still lives and 
it’s going to be exist in the future too… 
At the end I want to finish my presentation with Irish poet’s-John Den-
ham’s quotation. He’s said….: 
Such is our pride, our folly, or our fate, That few, but such as cannot write, 
translate. 

«TƏRCÜMƏŞÜNASLIQ VƏ ONUN MÜASİR DÖVRDƏ ROLU»  II Respublika tələbə elmi-praktik konfransı 
 
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IDIOMS AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS 
Arzu ABDULLAYEVA 
Qafqaz University Translation Department II 
Supervisor: Phd Shafaq Dadaşova 
 
WHAT ARE IDIOMS ? 
Idioms are phrases and sentences that do not mean exactly what they say. Even 
if you know the meaning of every word in the see or hear, you may not understand 
the idiom because you don't understand the culture behind it. 
…..OR 
A phrase which has a meaning that is commonly understood by speakers of the 
language, but whose meaning is often different from the normal meaning of the 
words is called an idiom. 
To hold one's horses 
To sit on the fence 
To cover all of one's bases 
To hold one's horses 
Many idioms are similar to expressions in other languages and can be easy for 
a learner to understand. Other idioms come from older phrases which have changed 
over time. To hold one's horses means to stop and wait patiently for someone or 
something. It comes from a time when people rode horses and would have to hold 
their horses while waiting for someone or something. "Hold your horses," I said 
when my friend started to leave the store 
To sit on the fence can literally mean that one is sitting on a fence.  I sat on the 
fence and watched the game. However, the idiomatic meaning of to sit on the fence 
is that one is not making a clear choice regarding some issue. The politician sat on 
the fence and would not give his opinion about the tax issue 
To cover all of one's bases 
Other idioms come from such things as sports that are common in the United 
Kingdom or the United States and may require some special cultural knowledge to 
easily understand them.To cover all of one's bases means to thoroughly prepare for 
or deal with a situation. It comes from the American game of baseball where you 
must cover or protect the bases. I tried to cover all of my bases when I went to the 
job interview. 
Grammar changes 
There can also be changes in nouns, pronouns or in the verb tenses. I sat on the 
fence and did not give my opinion. Many people are sitting on the fence and do not 
want to give their opinion 

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Adjectives and adverbs can also be added to an idiomatic phrase. The politician 
has been sitting squarely in the middle of the fence since the election 
How can we learn idioms ? 
Idioms hence tend to confuse those not already familiar with them; students of 
a new language must learn its idiomatic expressions the way they learn its other 
vocabulary. In fact many natural language words have idiomatic origins, but have 
been sufficiently assimilated so that their figurative senses have been lost. 
go / run like clockwork 
to happen according to plan; to happen without difficulties or problems: 
The operation went like clockwork. 
look/feel like death warmed up/over 
to look/feel very ill: 
He shouldn't be working when he's so ill - he looks like death warmed up! 
drink like a fish (informal) 
to regularly drink a lot of alcohol. 
Harriet had two bottles of wine with her meal - that girl drinks like a fish! 
have a memory/mind like a sieve 
to be very bad at remembering things. 
I've never known anyone so forgetful - she's got a memory like a sieve. 
treat someone like dirt 
to behave badly towards someone in a way that shows that you do not respect 
them. 
I don't know why she stays with him. He treats her like dirt 
eat like a horse 
if you eat like a horse, you always eat a lot of food. 
She eats like a horse, so I don't know how she manages to stay so thin. 
Plana uyğun(əsasən) baş vermək, heç bir çətinlik olmadan baş vermək. 
Xəstə görünmək\ hiss etmək 
Müntəzəm olaraq, həddindən artıq spirtli içki qəbul etmək. 
Bir şeyi xatırlamaqda çətinlik çəkmək(zəif yaddaşa sahib olmaq) 
Kiməsə qarşı hörmətsiz davranmaq 
Həddindən artıq çox yemək. 
eat like a horse 
to eat large amounts of food often. 
I eat like a horse, but I eat healthy food. 
be like a fish out of water 
to feel awkward because you are not familiar with a situation or because you 
are very different from the people around you. 

«TƏRCÜMƏŞÜNASLIQ VƏ ONUN MÜASİR DÖVRDƏ ROLU»  II Respublika tələbə elmi-praktik konfransı 
 
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All the other children in the school had rich, middle-class parents, and she was 
beginning to feel like a fish out of water. like there's no tomorrow  very quickly 
and eagerly. 
She's spending money like there's no tomorrow and I don't know how to stop 
her. Hungry and exhausted, he gobbled down the bread as if there were no 
tomorrow. 
Həm çox, həm de tez-tez yemək. 
Vəziyyətlə tanış olmadığına və ya ətrafdakı insanlardan fərqləndiyinə görə 
özünü narahat hiss etmək. 
Çox cəld və düşünmədən. 
 
 
CULTURE AND TRANSLATION 
Sexavet NECEFOV 
Qafqaz University Translation Department IV 
Supervisor: Narmina Aliyeva 
 
We define culture as the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a 
community that uses a particular language as its means of expression. More spe-
cifically, we distinguish cultural from universal and personal language. Die , live, 
star, swim, and even almost virtually ubiquitous artifacts like  mirror and table are 
universals – usually there is no translation problem there. Monsoon steppe, dacha, 
tagliatelle are cultural words – there will be translation problem unless there is cul-
tural overlap between the source and the target language. Universal words such as 
breakfast, embrace, pile, often cover the universal function, but not the cultural 
description of the referent. 
However dialect words are not cultural words if they designate universals (e.g., 
loch, moors), any more than the notorious pain, vin, Gemütlichkeit, privacy, inso-
uciance, which are admittedly overladen with cultural connotations. 
Geographical features can be normally distinguished from other cultural terms 
in that they are usually value-free, politically and commercially. Nevertheless, their 
diffusion depends on the importance of their country of origin as well as their 
degree of specificity. Many countries have local words for plains – steppes, tundras,  
pampas, savannahs, llanos, campos, pdramos, bush, veld – all with strong elements 
of local colour. Their familiarity is a function of the importance and geographical 
or political proximity of their countries. All these words would normally be transfer-
red, with th addition of a brief culture-free third term where necessary in the next. 
MATERIAL CULTURE 
Food is for many the most sensitive and important expression of national cul-
ture; food terms are subject to the widest variety of translation procedures. Various 
setting: menus – straight, multilingual, glossed, cookbooks, food guides; tourist 

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brochures; journalism increasingly contain foreign food terms. In principle, one can 
recommend translation for words with recognized one-to-one equivalents and trans-
ference, plus a neutral term, for the rest (e.g., the pasta dish - cannelloni)- for the 
general readership. 
Traditionally, upper- class men’s clothes are English and woman’s French 
(note slip, I polloi (the plebs); les gens du commun; laplebe; the flowerjeans (which 
is an internationalism, and an American symbol like coke) kaftan, jubbah. 
Clothes as cultural terms may be sufficiently explaned for TL general readers if 
the generic noun or classifier is added e.g., shintigin trousers or basque skirt, or 
again, if the particular is of no interest, the generic word can simply replace it. 
SOCIAL CULTURE 
In considering social culture one has to distinguish between denotative and 
connotative problems of translation. Thus charcuterie, droguerie, patisserie, chapel-
lerie, chocolaterie, Konditori hardly exist in Anglophone countries. There is rarely 
a translation problem, since the words can be transferred, have approximate one-to-
one translation or can be functionally defined, pork-butcher, hardware, cake or hat 
or chocolate shop, cake shop with café. As a translation problem, this contrasts with 
the connotative difficulties of wprds like: the people; the common people; the mas-
ses; the working class la classe ouvriere; the proletariat; the working classes; the 
hoi polloi (the plebs); les gens du commun; laplebe; the lower ordes; classes Infe-
rieures. Note that archaisms such as the last expressions can still be used ironically, 
or humorously. 
The obvious cultural words that denote leisure activities in Europe are the national 
games with their lexical sets: cricket, bull-fighting, boule, petanque, hockey. 
SOCIAL ORGANISATION – POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIV 
The political and social life of a country is reflected in its institutional terms. 
Where the title of a head of state (Present, Prime Minister, King) or the name of a 
parliament (Assemblee Nationale, Camera dei Deputati or Senate) are transparent, 
that is made up of international or easily translated morphemes, they are through-
translated (National Assembly, Chamber of Deputies). Where the name of a par-
liament is not readily translatable (Bundestag; Storting (Norway); Sejm (Poland); 
Riksdag (Sweden); Eduskunta (Finland); Knesset (Israel), it has a recognized 
official translation for administrative documents (e.g., German Federal Parliament 
for Bundestag, Council of Constituent States for Bundesrat) but is often transferred 
for an educated readership). 
Names of ministries are usually literally translated, provided they are appro-
priately descriptive. Therefore Treasure becomes Finance Ministry, Home Office, 
Ministry of the Interior; attorney-general, chief justice, or the appropriate cultural 
equivalent; Defence Ministry, Ministry of National Defence. Translations such as 
Social Domain and Exchange Domain (Guinea) should be replaced by Social Affairs 
and Trade.