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characters are the local librarian Mrs. Phelps who is curious to reveal unusual ability of Matilda and
help her to gain more knowledge supporting her with various books. Another deferential character is
Matilda’s teacher Miss Honey who admires aptitude of Matilda and aspiration for learning she has.
Roald Dahl uses various techniques and methods to indicate his criticism. First technique is to
mock at those characters through their appearance, behaviors and manners. Description of Matilda’s
parents is masterly and skilfully shown by Roald Dahl. While reading the sentences that portray their
appearances readers grasp the real personalities of these characters. His choice of words open their
improper features to readers. Next method that he uses is the bad ending. Evil characters should be
definitely punished and they can not escape without punishment.
Conveying massages of social criticism deliver many different reactions from readers and critics.
Roald Dahl’s ideas make this book very popular among teenagers as they always complaining about
adults and dissatisfied with their care, behavior. Roald Dahl criticizes them harshly so it creates a
feeling of self-confidence and good expectations for future in juveniles. Negative criticism comes
from parents, other adults and critics. They accuse the author with over-criticizing adults and set
apprehensive feelings in the youth. The more they begin to defend their rights, the more adults get
cross.
The insistence of using social criticism in Roald Dahl’s books is notgroundless,it is definitely
related to his personal life. His harsh treatment and inexhaustible resentment to authority figures,
especially parents and headmasters are closely related to his woeful childhood. His early depart from
home, the disgusted experiences at school, resemblance of headmaster met in his real life with Miss
Trunchbull- the headmaster in “Matilda” prove that he really demonstrates his life in his books. Roald
Dahl acknowledges this truth in his other books.
On the whole, numerous elements of criticism are found dominantly in Roald Dahl’s books for
children. Being deeply related to his own life, the main subjects of his criticism are parents,
headmaster and other authority figures, bad addictions, violence on children and reliance on TV. He
set his critical approach with the technique of using of bad ending and ridicule on evil characters. Even
though he is exposed many censures because of his harsh criticism his books are regarded as a lovable
and great works.
STRUGLLE OF NATIONS THROUGHT A HISTORY IN GREAT
BRITAIN
Gunel RZAYEVA
Qafqaz University
gunel.r.k@mail.ru
AZERBAIJAN
If we look to the history of England and Scotland, The first tribes of Mesolithic epoch came to
the land of the future of Scotland from the north about 6 thousand years ago. They are mostly
collected on the rocks and reefs of oysters and clams and roamed in search of food, preferring deeply
indented coast of the West of Scotland and the Hebrides. The stone structure, consisting of three rings
in Luss Wood Island Yyura considered the earliest stone building in Scotland. Rather, it is the base of
the tents, intended for shelter. In Oronsae, Kintyre and the Gulf of Luce on the west coast and in
estuaries Fife, Deeside and Fort were discovered deposits of mollusk shells, belonging to the
Mesolithic.
Now, as these two nations live in different ends of the same island and are separated by huge seas
from all other parts of the world, it seems natural that they should have been friendly to each other and
that they should have lived as one people under the same government. Accordingly about two hundred
years ago, the King of Scotland becoming King of England, the two nations have ever since been
joined in one great kingdom, which is called Great Britain. But before this happy union of England
and Scotland, there were many long, cruel and bloody wars between the two nations and far from
helping or assisting each other, as became good neighbors and friends, they did each other all the harm
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and injury that they possibly could, by invading each other’s territories, killing their subjects, burning
their towns, and taking their wives and prisoners. This lasted for many hundred years.
A long time since, eighteen hundred years ago and more there were people who were brave and
warlike called theromans. The aim of this nation was to conquer the whole world and subdue all
countries for making their own city of Rome, the head of all nations. After conquering the far and the
near, at last they came to Britain and make a great war to inhabitants, called British or Britons. Well
armed and brave Romans beat the Britons and took almost all the flat part of the island, which is now
called England. But they couldn’t make their way to high mountains of Scotland where there were no
any chance for feeding their soldiers and where they meet much more oppositions by inhabitants. So
they gave up subduing this impenetrable country and remaining satisfied with that level of ground of
which they had already possessed themselves.
After a while the people of Scotland began to come down from the mountains that the Romans
couldn’t subdue and inroad upon that part of the country which had been conquered by Romans. These
people of the southern part of the Scotland were not one nation, but divided into two, called Scots and
the Picts. They didn’t get on well with each other, but against Romans they joined together. At length
for prevent these Scots and Picts built a long wall between one side of the island, so none of Scots or
Picts should come into the country on the south side of the wall. After this, Romans built towers on
this wall, they make camps with soldiers in order if the Scots attack they might hasten to defend any
part of the wall. Some parts of the wall is remained today in the island of Britain. Displeased Scots and
Picks assembled themselves in great numbers and climb to the wall, in spite of all that the Romans
could do oppose to them. A man named Grahame, is said to have been the first soldier who got over
and common people is still call the remains of wall Grahame`s Dike. After the countless attack the
Romans began to build much stronger one than the first, sixty miles farther back from Scots and Picts.
The second wall was defended so well by Romans. In the meantime Britons had very unhappy life
among these wars and they were already much weaker as the Romans taken away all their arms and
they had already lost their habit of using them or defending themselves.
But at this time there were great quarrels and confusions, civil wars in Rome, so the Roman
Emperor called back all the soldiers for protecting their country against these wars. After departure of
Roman, Britons could not protect their country against to Scots and Picts and they invite Anglo-
Saxons from the North of Germany to assist them. Anglo-Saxons were a very brave and warlike
people and they came with their ships from Germany and landed in the south part of the Britain and
helped Britons to fight with the Scots and Picts. Saxons saw that how a rich and beautiful country
Britain is and the people are weak to protect themselves and defend their country. They resolved to
take the land and make Britons their slaves. The Britons were very unwilling have their country taken
from by Saxons whom they had called for assistance, they began to oppose them but Saxons were
stronger than them so they defeat them. The bravest part of Britons fled into a very hilly part of
country called Wales and defended themselves against Saxons for a many years. Today their
descendants still speak the ancient British language called Welsh. And Anglo-Saxons spread to the
south part of the Britain and they changed the name of country from Britain to England which means a
land of the Anglo-Saxons who had conquered it.
From the other side behind the Roman wall Scots and Picts were fighting together. At last, after
many battles Scots got completely the victory and they took some of them as slaves and drive the
others out of the country. At least Picts were never heard of in history after these great defeats and
Scots gave their own name to the north part of Britain as the Angles did the south part and so came the
name of Scotland, the land of Scots and England the land of English.
Therefore, Britain divided into three parts who were enemies to each other. There was England
which was the richest and best part of island inhabited by English, Scotland full of hills, great lakes
and mountains, difficult and dangerous precipices, inhabited by Scots or Scottish men and The Wales
also very wild and mountainous country where the remains of Britons had fled to obtain safety from
Saxons.
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SYMBOLISM IN MODERN AMERICAN PROSE (BASED ON
DAN BROWN AND GEORGE ORWELL’S CREATIVITY)
Ofelya ALAKBAROVA
Qafqaz University
ofa.elekberova@mail.ru
AZERBAIJAN
Symbolism is a French movement from the 1880s. Symbolism gained its first popularity by the
publication of Jean Moréas’ manifesto in Le Figaroin 1886. The main cause that created Symbolism
was the react against the rationalism and materialism. It was the proclaiming of validity of subjectivity
and a realistic expression of natural world in those years. Symbolism was identified as a literary
concept, but then it began to be spread in all art sciences among the young generation. The reason of
its popularity among the young generation was its opposing to Naturalism. Symbolists believed that a
work must reject the objectivity of natural world. It must reflect the emotion or idea by the influence
of Realism.
Albert Aurier in his article on Paul Gauguin in 1891 gave the first definition of Symbolism. He
depicted symbolism as the subjective vision with non-naturalistic style.
As it is mentioned, symbolism consists of symbols that give the work deep meanings and make it
more effective. Symbolism is the use of symbols to signify ideas by giving them symbolic meanings
that are different from their literal sense. A symbol is literary device that contains several aspects of
meaning for representing new signs different from its literary meaning. A symbol is the main point of
symbolism. The writers use symbols for reinforcing their ideas.
“A symbol is a person or a concept that represents, stands for or suggests another idea, visual
image, belief, action or material entity. Symbols take the form of words, sounds, gestures, ideas or
visual images and are used to convey other ideas and beliefs.” For example, a red octagon may be a
symbol for "STOP". On a map, a blue line might represent a river. Numerals are symbols
for numbers. Alphabetic letters may be symbols for sounds. Personal names are symbols representing
individuals. A red rose may symbolize love and compassion. The variable x in a mathematical
equation may symbolize the position of a particle in space.
As a movement symbolism wasn’t limited in French literature or art. It influenced other
literatures of different countries. Symbolism also influenced to Modern American prose. In 1899The
Symbolist Movement in Literature published by Arthur Symons with bringing French symbolism to
the Anglo-American literary circles. Its first two editions were influences on W. B. Yeats and T. S.
Eliot- it was the shine of Modern criticism. Then symbolism began to play a great role on American
literature. Richard Ellmann used many contributions to introduction of modern editions.
In 1893, Symon’s article The Decadent Movement of Literature appeared on the Harper’s New
Monthly Magazine. This article had a great role on the writers and readers. With this article symbolism
in the art and literature began to move officially. The Decadent Movement of Literature touched on
many authors and explained many points.
As this movement developed, it commenced to appear on American prose, too. Especially,
Balzac, Dan Brown, George Orwell and so on writers’ works. Such contemporary writers successfully
used symbols and their special meanings on their literary works. Symbols give their novels specific
characteristics, mysterious and effective features.
Dan Brown, an American writer uses successful symbols in his novels and this brings him fame.
These mysterious and unusual features make a great impression on readers. The lead character Robert
Langdon is a Harvard University professor of religious iconology and symbology. Robert Langdon
attends in all Dan Brown’s novels such as: The Da Vinci Code, Angels and Demons, The Lost Symbol
and Inferno.
Dan Brown created this character as his alter-ego or “the man he wishes he could be.” The author
calls Robert Langdon "one of the most ingenious and gifted artists alive … who rose brilliantly to my
impossible challenge and created the ambigrams for this novel". Langdon has a genius mind for
problem-solving, he teaches religious iconology and field of symbology. Dan Brown shows with this
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character the way between religion and science, logic and beliefs. He tries to answer or show some
solutions with symbols. Robert Langdon is in the centre of all events and questions. Dan Brown’s
depicts answers and questions in all his novels.
George Orwell is one of the modern American Novelists that used symbology in his novels such
as 1984 and Animal Farm.
In the novel 1984 George Orwell created a successful symbol-character Big Brother that is seen
throughout the novel. This symbol is powerful and is seen everywhere. “Big Brother is watching
you!” is the identifying thought till the end the novel. It shows the power of government on the society
and people’s mind. This power has a complete control on society’s opinions and rules them. All things
happen around the lead character Winston. The paperweight and journal which Winston purchases are
symbols of his betrayal against the party. With these items he committed many crimes. These crimes
were against the party. These all items related to symbolism define the main idea of the novel and
gives more instructions for understanding the works exactly.
Symbolism gives a writer such freedom that he can use both literary and latent meaning of word
and expressions. The symbolism brings universality to the main characters and the themes of the
novels. Symbolism evokes the interest on readers and causes many questions on their mind. Author’s
using symbolism makes an opportunity to get an insight of writer’s mind how he sees the world and
thinks about it.
SYMBOLISM IN PAINTING
Aytən XUDAI
Qafqaz University
aytenxudai13@gmail.com
AZERBAIJAN
The most important qualities of Symbolic painting are spirituality and melancholy. Inside world,
fantasy, dream, loneliness, sleeping, thought even death are shown in Symbolism. Symbolist artists
show the soul of nature, secret of object by using symbols in a melancholy way. They collect what
they have seen, lived and what they have gathered from literature and legends with imagination and
fantasy. They preferred reverberating of state of mind in symbolic and mythological paintings. They
wanted to evoke strong effects by describing feelings in nature, sea and imaginary arrangements. As
romantic artists, they wanted to use realist techniques as well as showing sadness and weakness of the
people in front of the nature.
Symbolist artists had transformed his mythic ideas and intuitions to stunning visual imagery with
the help of strange colors and creepy lights. Symbolists tried to handle the mystery and complexity of
the soul. Symbolist artists were interested in enigma and heaven. As the result of this, they were keen
on describing the death.
Symbolism in Painting put in an appearance between Post-Impressionism and Fauvism in 1890s
and was defined by critic Albert Autler. Coubert being the leader of symbolic paintings in 19
th
century,
visualized nonexistent instead of thought in accordance of being able to paint only existent things. He
aimed removing contradiction between real world and spiritual world and creating whole art mentality.
Goya and William Blake were considered precursors of symbolism in painting. Ferdinand Hodler
and Gustave Klimt were the main representatives of this movement. Gustave Moreau who was
considered one of the precursors of symbolism, created a link between symbolism and romanticism.
The artist who entered the school of Fine Arts when he was 20, had influence of Delacroix in his
works. He summarized guiding rule like this:” Nothing in the art is created by our will. The whole art
is the result of handing itself over subconscious. It is only possible to achieve beauty with the help of
advantage of mind”. Moreau first was known for his tableau called “Oedipus and The Sphinx”. This
tableau was the beginning of his symbolist art. Themes that he mostly had worked on were unknown
of death and life and the meaning of good and bad. Moreau talked the story of Orpheus who been
depressed for being refused his love by Thracian women, in his tableau “Orpheus” painting in 1865.
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The women had thrown away Orpheus’s head still singing song to a river. The legend of Orpheus
symbolized the artist who approached to immortality or his works and thoughts.
Odilon Redon was the most prominent symbolist artist in France after Moreau. The artist being
born in Bordeaux had worked with the technique of rock printing and charcoal pencil in the first 20
years of his career. In this painting, it is seen strange figures like human-faced flowers and smiling
spiders. Redon who turned to colors from 1890, made a lot of paintings with oil paints.
Symbolism being forgotten in the first part of 20
th
century was rediscovered by Andre Breton and
Surrealists in 1920s. The critic Albert Aurier who was the admirer of Paul Gauguin being one of the
precursors of Symbolism, described Symbolism in his article so: “The purpose of artwork is to express
the idea that’s why work has to be thoughtful. It has to make the people thinking“
Symbolist artists have got the symbols creating visual language from mythology and visionary
imagery. Symbolists believed the art to achieve absolute realities that being able to reach indirectly
instead of daily realities. As the result of this when they painted stages from human activities and
appearances related to real world, they had done it indirectly. The symbols being used were individual,
subjective and ambiguous references. Impressionism and Surrealism were influenced by Symbolism.
Some symbolist visual artists influenced Art Nouveau and Nabi movements. The main representatives
of Symbolism in Painting: Goya, William Blake, Arnold Bocklin , Edvard Munch, Gustav Klimt, Jean
Toorop, Max Klinger, Gustave Moreau, Odilon Redon , Viktor Vasnetsov, Ferdinand Hodler and
Henry Fantin- Latour.
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF GRENDEL IN THE EPIC BEOWULF
Nargila MAMMADOVA
Qafqaz University
namammadova@qu.edu.az
AZERBAIJAN
It is well-known that there are two enormous works about Danish people written by the English.
The common feature of these two works is that they are accepted as masterpieces of English literature.
One of these pieces is Beowulf-an epic set on the life of Danish people. The second one is Hamlet- the
tragedy about the young prince of Denmark written by the greatest English play writer William
Shakespeare.
Despite the fact that Beowulf was written about Danish people, it has been considered as one of
the greatest works in English literature ever. The work took its title from the main character’s name,
Beowulf. He was invited by the king Hrothgar in order to kill the horrible monster named Grendel that
appeared in the land of Danes.
Besides Beowulf, one of the major characters of the epic is Grendel, the ogre who has threatened,
and harmed Hrothgar’s people for several years is a huge, horrible, and powerful monster.
Grendel's hatred began,
The monster relished his savage war
On the Danes, keeping the bloody feud
Alive, seeking no peace, offering
No truce, accepting no settlement, no price
In gold or land, and paying the living
For one crime only with another. No one
Waited for reparation from his plundering claws:
That shadow of death hunted in the darkness,
Stalked Hrothgar's warriors.
p. 28, lines 151-160
He is a man eating evil that lives in the land of the Spear-Danes and attacks Hrothgar’s mead-hall
which is called Heorot whenever there is a feast in progress. It is claimed in the epic that the songs, the
poems which are sang, recited in connection with world’s creation by God tease Grendel .Therefore he
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