Characteristics of Protists Protists have over 100,000 described living species, and it is unknown how many more may
be undiscovered. Since many protists have symbiotic relationships with other organisms, which are
frequently species-specific, there is a significant possibility that protist diversity is as diverse as its
hosts. As the catchall term for eukaryotic organisms that are not animals, plants, fungi, or any single
phylogenetically related group, it is not surprising that few characteristics are common to all protists.
Most protists live in aquatic environments of some kind, including freshwater, marine, moist
soil, and even snow. Many protist species are parasites that harm plants or animals. An organism that
lives on or inside of another organism and feeds off it is known as a parasite. A few protist species
live on dead organisms or their wastes and contribute to their decay.
Protist Structure Protist cells are among the most complex of all cells. Although protists are typically
microscopic and unicellular, there are some real multicellular forms. A small percentage of protists
are found in colonies, which exhibit characteristics of both a multicellular organism and a collection
of free-living cells. Still other protists are made of enormous, multinucleate, single cells that
sometimes resemble ferns and sometimes resemble amorphous blobs of slime. The majority of protist
cells are multinucleated; in some species, the nuclei differ in size and play different functions for the
protist cell.
Single protist cells can be as small as a few nanometers or as long as three meters, as in the
case of the multinucleate cells of the seaweed Caulerpa. Protist cells can have cell walls that resemble
plants or animals or both. Others are encased in glassy silica-based shells or wound with pellicles of
interlocking protein strips. The pellicle functions like a flexible coat of
armor, preventing the protist from being torn or pierced without compromising its range of motion.
Most protists are motile, but different types of protists have evolved into varied modes of
movement. Some protists have one or more flagella, which they rotate or whip. Others are covered in
rows or tufts of tiny cilia that they beat in coordination to swim. Still others send out lobe-like
pseudopodia from anywhere on the cell, anchor the pseudopodium to
a substrate, and pull the rest of the cell toward the anchor point. Some protists can move toward light
by coupling their locomotion strategy with a light-sensing organ.