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1. Heydər Əliyev. Müstəqilliyimiz əbədidir. II kitab. Bakı, 1995. səh. 37
2. Heydər Əliyev. Müstəqillik yolu - Bakı, 1997. səh. 28
3. Fəzail Ağamalı. İlham Əliyev – Bu günün və gələcəyin uğur faktorudur. II kitab
– Bakı 2001, səh. 4
4. Fəzail Ağamalı. İlham Əliyev – Bu günün və gələcəyin uğur faktorudur. II kitab
– Bakı 2001, səh. 7
5. Fəzail Ağamalı. “Avanqard” – Bakı, 2003, səh. 172
6. Ramiz Mehdiyev. İlham Əliyev:İqtibaslar və təhlil. Bakı, 2006, səh. 264
7. “Azərbaycan” qəzeti, 12 fevral 2004-cü il.
8. “Azərbaycan” qəzeti, 26 dekabr 2005-ci il
9. “Azərbaycan” qəzeti, 21 avqust 2005-ci il
10. “Azərbaycan” qəzeti, 28 iyun 2008-ci il
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15. “Respublika” qəzeti, 17 yanvar 2012-ci il
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Introduction
Nationalism is an ideology that con-
nects relations among politics, history, ge-
ography and culture in a peculiar fashion.
The dialectic connection between history,
geography and culture is crucial while
showing the originality, peculiarity, in
other words, the nationality of a country,
state, nation, ethnos, etc. Especially pan-
nationalistic ideologies especially stress
out the cultural and geographical fac-
tors. This kind of nationalisms history is
looked through a prism of a wider form
of civilization that also reflects the spiri-
tual elements of culture. With this regard,
here history is considered history of civi-
lizations. Pan-nationalism’s function is to
ground relation to civilization. And ge-
ography is the physical world of politics.
The relation of these two notions bears the
geopolitical vector. Thus, in this approach
politics unites with historical and cultural
through geography. One of the most inter-
esting examples of such approach is the
movement known as Eurasianism. This
paper will research the notion of civiliza-
tion in the context of Alexander Paranin’s
thoughts on Eurasianism and will elabo-
rate the association with geopolitical doc-
trines in terms of historic roots of this no-
tion.
“Civilization” and “Civilizations”
Dialectics
The social theory pays great impor-
tance to differentiating the singular and
plural forms of the word “civilization”
(culture) and defining the historic reasons
of its origin. [1, pp.1-66; 2, pp.46-47] So-
cial historians think that the term “civili-
zation” goes as back as the 18th century
France. [1, p. 2] The term “Kultur” used
in German back at that time applied simi-
lar meaning. Both the French “civiliza-
tion” and the German “Kultur” cannot
MESHDI ISMAILOV
Baku State University
PhD, Department of Political Science and Sociology
UDC: 32 (091)
GEOPOLITICAL APPROACH TO CIVILIZATIONS IN THE
EURASIANIST THOUGHT OF ALEXANDER PANARIN
This article examines Alexander Panarin’s civilization concept and his approach
to this concept from the geopolitical point of view. In this context paper investigates
historical roots of civilizational approach and the influence of these roots over the geo-
political thought. Both the concepts of civilization A. Panarin and S. Huntington are
being compared in the contemporary international political context. Focusing on his
geopolitical theory, the paper highlights that he offers a general eschatological overview
of the world.
Key words: eurasianism, civilization, geopolitics.
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Geopolitical approach to civilizations in the eurasianist thought of Alexander Panarin
be considered independently from the es-
tablishment of bourgeoisie which was an
important social power. Both of them are
anti-theses to “barbarianism” and were
used to mean becoming “culturized” and
“civilized”. Eminent sociologist Norbert
Elias noted that this process was mainly
connected to government in France and
universities in Germany. [3, pp.71-73]
In the mentioned period the notion of
“civilization” came to directly mean “be-
coming cultural”. However, shortly this
notion started being used as a universal
phenomenon to symbolize the entire Re-
naissance Period. The civilization (sin-
gular) meaning culturization that was the
symbol of Renaissance was considered an
opposition to the Romanticism movement.
The romantic thinkers did not accept the
attempts of the Renaissance to reach the
objective world concept and universal (in-
ternational) moral standards there were the
drivers behind universal laws and attached
more significance to the subjectivity and
cultural uniqueness. The romantic philoso-
phers rendered the place, goals and fate of
every individual folk culture in the world
history more important. Romanticism’s
counter though system against the univer-
sality of the Renaissance was represented
by Herder in Germany, Michelet in France
and Edmund Burke in England. This line
was later developed within German his-
toricism, especially by Wilhelm Dilthey
[1, p. 2]
It is a fact that the Western Europe
faced a long period of crisis and depression
known to history as fin de siècle (end of
the century). The social contradictions and
conflicts that were products of urbanization
and industrialization were described by the
German philosopher Ferdinand Tönnies as
the shift from Gemeinschaft (community)
to Gesellschaft (society) and by the French
sociologist Emile Durkheim as the evolu-
tion from mechanical to organic society.
Especially the rivalry between the large
empires, as the main reason behind the
World War I, weakened the confidence in
the revival, resurrection and development
program of the Renaissance and strength-
ened intellectual skepticism. In this sense
the sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein sees
the civilizations (plural) as a kind of de-
fense against the destructions caused by
civilization (singular). [5, p. 224] Since the
16th century the notion of civilization (sin-
gular) spread due to the development and
expansion of Europe, has created the ne-
cessity of highlighting the notion of civili-
zations (plural) when the process gets out
of hands and starts regressing [6, p. 309].
“Civilizational Geopolitics”
Political geographer John Agnew talks
of the “civilizational geopolitics” based
on the notion of plural civilizations [7, p.
86]. According to Agnew, despite the fact
that the roots of civilizations geopolitics
go back a long time, its main features have
formed in the process of gaining control of
nationalisms as a reaction to such national-
isms produced by the French Revolution.
The economic-political conditions that
created the foundation for such geopoli-
tics existed in Europe in 1815-1875. This
period can be described as the beginning
of national states that were the invention
of the French Revolution on one hand
and the fight of the European traditional
empires against the national state notions
on the other [6, p. 87; 7, p. 52]. This con-
flict in fact describes the tension between
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Meshdi Ismailov
two different nationalism ideologies – the
national state nationalism and the con-
servative pan-nationalism [6, p. 87]. The
contradiction between these two forms of
nationalism is also described in the differ-
entiation between the singular and plural
forms of civilization we mentioned above.
The relations between nationalism and
geopolitics are also formed here, because
the nationalism ideology with also direct
the geopolitics notion, depending on how
one approaches the civilization (singular
or plural). As seen in all trends of nation-
alism, the intellectuals have also had the
leading role in the geopolitical approach
towards civilizations. In this regard one
of the first names to pop into one’s mind
is the Russian philosopher Nikolay Dani-
levsky. In the late 1860s Danilevsky had
announced that the Russian-Slavic life-
style was completely contradictory to the
German-Latin civilization of the Europe-
ans. Danilevsky thought that it was neces-
sary to preven the spread of the German-
Latin civilization. Danilevsky highlighted
the significance of the Russian-Slavic
unity to create the counter-pole that would
provide the defense. He thought, instead of
striving for global superiority, the Russian-
Slavic civilization should focus on protect-
ing the cultural variety in the world against
the European hegemony [8, pp. 130-131].
The most significant representative
in the civilizational approach in the West
is the German historian and philosopher
Oswald Spengler. Overall Spengler had a
great influence on the philosophical climate
of his time, including the classical Russian
Eurasianists. The essence of the Spen-
gler’s historic discourse is the periodical
approach towards civilizations (cultures).
Spengler assumes the Faustist (Western)
culture, whose main characteristics were
the feudal system and Roman architecture,
was formed in the 10th century. The Goth-
ic architecture and scholastic philosophy
were the peaks of the development of the
Western culture. However, Spengler also
thought that the accelerating urbaniza-
tion and Renaissance also symbolized the
decline of the West. For this reason the
philosopher called the 19th century, where
materialism, money, parliamentarism and
socialism ruled, the heaviest form of the
decay of the Western culture. He assumed
that the future would be the time of great
wards of blood and power [9, pp. 97-114].
Another philosopher, whose work was
influenced by Spengler, is the English his-
torian Arnold Toynbee. Just as the Rus-
sian Eurasianists Nikolai Trubetzkoy and
Peter Savitsky did, Toynbee also spike of
the clash of civilizations (10, p. 180-188).
Back in 1947 Toynbee already wrote that
the Western civilization had been in a con-
flict with other civilizations for four centu-
ries. As the other cultures started forming
their reactions towards the rule of the west
over other cultures, the mankind was also
about to step a new stage. Here Toynbee
ties the rise of civilizations to the creative
powers of the elite and leaders, whereas
the fall and regress of civilizations are
the result of nationalisms, militarism and
growing tyranny of despotic minorities
[11, pp.132-133].
The most typical representative of
civilizational approach in history of our
time is the American political scientist
Samuel Huntingtion. Huntington says that
the main actors of the international policy
in our world, newly forming after the Cold
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Geopolitical approach to civilizations in the eurasianist thought of Alexander Panarin
War, are the civilizations that are in con-
tradiction to each other. Huntington says
that all civilizations have an independent
existence and nature, however at the mo-
ment the Western culture is at the oppo-
site pole against all the other civilizations
of the world. The main directions of this
polarization are targeted at China and the
Muslim world [12, pp.33-36].
As Wallerstein shows if civilizations
(plural) are a reaction to the idea of civi-
lization (singular), then the discourse of
the philosophers we mentioned below
cannot be considered outside the histori-
cal context of their times. For example,
Danilevsky’s thoughts were a reaction to
the union of Germany and the growing na-
tionalism movements in Europe. Oswald
Spengler and Nikolai Trubetzkoy spoke
against the World War I and the national-
isms that led to it. Toynbee’s discourses
were influenced by the World War II and
the Cold War. Huntington and Alexander
Panarin, whose views we will elaborate
below, write in the historic context of post-
Cold War. Both show an intellectual at-
tempt to shed light on the “mysteries” of
the post-bipolar world.
Despite all the differences, these au-
thors share certain similarities, such as a
non-Eurocentric approach, notion of peri-
odic history and their views being against
the nationalisms of a national state. All of
them have a peculiar conceptual approach
towards civilization, culture and religion.
The main factor that defines civilizations
here is mostly religion. They overall think
that the civilizations are the most supreme
and close systems. Maybe Toynbee can be
considered an exception for his trust in the
exchange of values among civilizations.
On the contrary, Danilevsky saw the per-
vasion of the West into the Russian-Slavic
civilization as a deadly threat. Huntington
paid more attention to the hierarchic nature
of the cultural values, rather than the trans-
fer of such. Even if he does not directly
imply Eurocentrism in his thoughts, one
can still find the traces of Western narcis-
sism. Sociologist Wallerstein evaluated
Huntington’s attempt as in fact continued
unversalism, hidden under the pretext of
creating a particularist outlook. Waller-
stein says that this strategic line is in fact
specific unversalism that has to develop-
ment thought behind it [5, p. 311].
Panarin’s Approach to Civilization
Generally Panarin’s approach towards
civilization can be considered as a reply
and reaction to Huntington’s theses. In
fact both speak in favor of the becoming
of multi-polarity instead of single polar-
ity in the post-Cold War world. However,
Panarin opposed to Huntington’s idea of
accepting religion as the main element
of civilization. “Civil conscience, con-
fessional fanaticism and ethno-centrism
stands in the core of Huntington and his
teachers’ views” [13, pp. 224-225].
Such conceptual approach towards
civilizations shows how Panarin and Hun-
tington’s theoretical views are antagonist
to one another in geopolitical vector. For
example, in his typology of civilizations
that is based on mostly religious criteria,
Huntington divides the Russian geography
into Orthodox and Islam (Buddhist culture
is also included here to some extent) civili-
zations. If one is to examine Huntington’s
discourses, civilizations are more inclined
to contradiction rather than conformity
due to their different cultural components
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[2, p. 128]. It should also be noted that in
Huntington’s theory Turkic culture has
also been isolated from its ethnic and cul-
tural identity and accepted as a subsystem
of Islamic civilization.
Staying true to the Russian Eurasian-
ism tradition, Panarin accepts the Russian
geography as one Eurasian civilization.
In this regard Panarin called Hunting-
ton’s “Conflict between the Slavic and the
Muslims” prognosis a strategy of the West
(first of all the USA) to cause discord be-
tween these two groups. In this direction
Panarin says that there are three different
geopolitical models that completely con-
tradict one another and might influence the
future of the Eurasian civilization. As the
term “Eurasia” has been very favorable to
have been used in different meanings, he
sees it as one of the main reasons in put-
ting forward different models on Eurasia.
That is why the correct meaning of Eurasia
is its consideration as a Turkic and Slavic
union (synthesis). In this regard it would
be helpful to consider the three different
geopolitical models analyzed by Panarin
regarding Eurasia.
Geopolitical Models in Eurasia
Panarin defines two main factors
that condition the geopolitical model that
he also supports:
1. The impossibility for any nation
living in Eurasia to move away from Eur-
asia or participate separately in political-
cultural projects such as the “European
House”, “Turkic House”, etc.
2. Peoples that live in the same geog-
raphy historically share the same destiny.
This also includes the importance of these
nations to act from one historic perspective
basing on this common destiny. Panarin
thinks that here the factor that conditions
the commonness and unity is not to turn
to empire, but the existence of common
rules that form in the civilizational and
geographic relations [14, pp. 118-119].
Panarin calls the second geopolitical
model of Eurasian civilization the “Tur-
kic Model”. Thus he says that all the Tur-
kic nations in Russia are expressed to be
united under the name of “Great Turan”.
Panarin thinks this project does not have
any grounds as a geopolitical strategy. For
example, geographies located in the ter-
ritories of Russia, such as Tatarstan and
Bashkortostan are thousands of kilome-
ters away from Turkey and the population
includes Russian and other ethnic groups
besides Turkic groups. Panarin thinks that
it is impossible to move millions of people
from the lands they inhabit because of a
whim of several thousand nationalists.
That is why, Panarin says that supporting
the “Turkic” geopolitical model would be
simply utopianism on both local and for-
eign levels.
The Eurasian geopolitical model car-
ries the traces of the ancient Silk Road.
Panarin says that too much focus is attached
to this project nowadays. That is why the
main essence of the projects speeds up the
integration processes between the Pacific
and Atlantic oceans. However this time
Russia will be left outside of such integra-
tion. This model is mainly related to the
dynamic development tempos of the Far
Eastern countries and focuses on mainly
economic factors [14, p. 125].
As a result Panarin assumes that the
“Turkic Project” and “Silk Road” geopoli-
tics refuses to accept the Russian culture,
because these models introduce Russia as
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a colonial empire. Panarin says the main
purpose of this strategy is to harm the Tur-
kic-Slavic union in Eurasia. If this union is
to collapse, other powers will be directed
at that that will form as a result. Should
any split happen within the Eurasian civi-
lization, then it will be impossible to pre-
vent the emergence of other civilizations,
because there are 1.5 billion people living
on the Eastern borders of Russia.
According to Panarin in geopolitical
sense the Eurasian heartland is indivisible
and as a specific civilization the cultural
function of Russia is accepted par excel-
lence [14, p. 243]. In terms of Eurasianist
discourses, Panarin is in favor of moving
the spiritual and political center of Russia
to the Ural Mountains and even beyond, to
Siberia [14, p. 175]. Panarin says that the
West is united with the Muslim World and
Pan-Turkism against Russia in Hunting-
ton’s discourses. That is why this threat
posed from the abroad was not fully ac-
knowledged by the Muslim world. In other
words it would be impossible to protect the
Eurasian civilization against the “pirates”
with Russia’s support. According to Pan-
arin the ocean archetype of the modern
world does not accord to the steppe arche-
type so inclined to freedom. That is why he
assumes that the Russians and Turks, the
Orthodox and the Muslims must abandon
their continental identities [15, p. 278].
Eurasian Civilization and Geopolitical
Archetypes
Basing on Lev Gumilev’s discourses,
Panarin introduces the Eurasian culture as
the “super-ethnos” of the Eurasia. Thus, he
points at the continental identities of both
the Turks and Russians. He thinks that
the Eurasian super-ethnos is the product
of unity and equality of different nations
as opposed to the European colonial em-
pires. Another significant feature of this
super-ethnos is its eschatological func-
tion. Following Toynbee’s “the most like
way to reach a goal is to be aiming not at
that goal itself but at some more ambitious
goal beyond it” idea, Panarin says that the
Eurasian eschatological mission is also in
accordance with the religious traditions of
Russia. Elaborating this idea, he says that
in order not to start functioning for every-
day reasons, they are in need in high idea.
Namely as such idea Eurasia is an ethically
pure civilization [16, pp.82-94].
Panarin also considers Huntington’s
“clash of civilizations” and Fukuyama’s
“end of history” theses the most typical
representatives of political globalization.
On one hand according to homogeneity
(disappearance of variety) logic of global-
ization, being the idea of development and
struggle, Fukuyama’s thesis introduces
the end of the history as the final victory
of liberal democracy and consumer soci-
ety which are the values of the West. On
the other hand according to heterogeneity
(appearance of variety) logic of globaliza-
tion, Huntington’s thesis reflects the idea
of the world where numerous and vari-
ous civilizations interact with one another.
Thus both discourses accord to the dual
nature and the logic of globalization. This
is why Panarin says both discourses are
an expression of the Western geopolitical
passions and opposes to them. The author
is in search for an answer to the follow-
ing question in this regard; “Is it true that
the cosmogonic process of emergence of
new civilizations has really finished in the
world? If the answer to this question is
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