participate in the groups
’s discussion of evidences. The investigation
process held by the expert group should be open for observers.
-
Extension of three-day requirement for investigation of complaint for
another three days should be removed;
-
Even if three-day requirement to submit the complaint has passed, this
period should be reinstated in the manner established for courts in case
if the applicant has objective cause;
151
-
Criminal liability should be established for not investigating or
avoidance of investigating as well as for not fulfilling the duties set forth
by the legislation for investigating the complaints;
-
Except for the applicant
’s fault or voluntary refusal, non-participation
of the applicant in the investigation process should be the basis for
cancellation of the decision regarding that particular case.
-
Sanctions for actions violating the election rights which are considered
administrative offense or criminal case should be hardened. Moreover,
unavoidability of liability should be ensured;
-
Election subjec
ts’ opportunities to appeal to the court on irregularities
regarding the election rights of administrative offense nature should be
expanded, handling of these irregularities should be simplified and be
prompt;
-
Norms for considering results of elections invalid should be more
specified, and the requirement for approval of election results by the
Constitutional Court should be cancelled.
4. Election campaign
Paragraph 1.1. of the “Regulation on the Press Group formed under the
Central Election Commission of the Republic of Azerbaijan to control the
observance of the rules for the conduct of pre-election (pre-referendum)
campaign in mass media” approved by Decision 5/33 in June 05, 2013 of
Central Election Commission of the Republic of Azerbaijan is in
inconsistence with the legislation. While Article 74.5 of the Electoral Code
(74.5. A press group established under the Central Election Commission,
comprised mostly of journalists, shall ensure the observance of the rules on
pre-election campaigning identified by this Code.) does not express the
representation of the commission members in the group. In such case,
establishing representation of the commission members in the group by the
“Regulation” puts the group under the commission’s prerogative power. It
means composition of media group under this requirement puts its activities
under the control of relevant election commission, particularly of the
chairperson of election commission. This is how the media group is not
independent during the investigation of irregularities and appeals and cannot
demonstrate unbiased position, while independence of this group is very
important for it to be able to control the process fairly and impartially.
As it is stated in paragraph 2.1 of the Regulation (2.1. Head of the Press
Group shall be elected by members of the Group from members of the CEC
with decisive voting right.), involvement of the CEC member with decisive
152
voting right as the leader of the media group as well as controlling the
group’s activities put the independence of the group under a doubt. It would
be more appropriate and reasonable to select a coordinator among the group
members. Investigation of appeals and irregularities under this method as
well as adopting decision in this regard will be followed by conflict of
interests, because members of the election commission as members of the
media group prepare an Opinion about the results of investigation and also
participate in the meetings of the election commission while making
decision regarding the Opinion.
On another hand, the “Regulation” is not clear about the number of
members as well as of formation of the group.
(2. Formation and rules for the organization of activity of the Press Group
2.1. Head of the Press Group shall be elected by members of the Group from members of
the CEC with decisive voting right.
2.2. In the case of the absence of the head of the Press Group, one of its members
implements duties of the head with his/her charge.
2.3. Press Group shall discuss and settle the issues within its competence in collegial form
at the sessions.
2.4. In the case when 2/3 part of Press Group members participate in the session, then it
should be considered authoritative.
2.5. The decisions concerning the issues discussed shall be adopted by simple majority of
vote.)
The media group equally formed of election subjects should have the
function of controlling election campaign activities on media.
The applicants should be invited to the investigation process by the media
group for them to be able to submit their complaints as well as to
participate in the grou
p’s discussion of evidences. The investigation
process held by the media group should be open for observers.
Number of members of the media group, rules for its formation, as well as
its functions should be clearly recorded in the act of the Commission.
5. Web camera
Paragraph 1.1. of the “Rules on installation and use of web cameras in
election precincts” approved by Decision 5/31 in June 05, 2013,
amended by the Decision # 1/5 in May 29, 2014 of Central Election
Commission of the Republic of Azerbaijan states that `a new
technological means – web camera (hereafter referred to as camera) will
153
be used in order to ensure extensive implementation of transparency, to
increase public confidence in elections by watching the voting process
on voting day by wide public.` Given that, certralized video recordings
should be available as evidence to all election subjects when
investigating the complaints. While the paragraph 2.6. of these “Rules”
mentiones it, it is still not very much clear and specific on how this
video records would be obtained and used as evidence.
…
2.6. All video images obtained during the cameras’ functioning period shall be
recorded in a centralized manner. Such video records can be used as evidence while
investigating the complaints and storage of these video records for 5 years shall be
guaranteed by the installing party.
The exeprience proves that video recordings are de-facto impossible for
the applicants to obtain.
Video
records
from
the web cameras
istalled
for
ensuring
transparency, increasing public confidence in elections should be
available to all election subjects, and use of such records as evidence
while investigating the complaints should be precisely expressed in the
Rules.
6. Status of authorized representatives
Paragraph 2.2. of the “Instruction on the status of the authorized
representatives of the candidate, political parties, blocs of political party and
referendum campaign groups in elections (referendum) of the Republic of
Azerbaijan” approved by Decision 7/27-2 in July 18, 2008 of the Central
Election Commission of the Republic of Azerbaijan, amended by Decision
6/58 inn June 18, 2013, contradicts the requirements of Article 74 of the
Electoral Code.
The Instruction:
...
2.2. It shall be prohibited for authorized representatives of candidates, political parties or
political party blocs, campaign groups on referendum to do the following actions:
...
2.2.11. to campaign among voters;
2.2.12. to act or call directed in support of this or other candidate and political party,
political party bloc (question put under referendum) or that can be valued as their support;
154
The Electoral Code:
Article 74. Conduct of a Pre-election (Pre-referendum) Campaign
74.1. Pre-election campaigning shall be held in accordance with Article 47 of the
Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The following shall have the right to conduct
pre-election and pre-referendum campaigns (hereinafter pre-election campaign):
74.1.1. Referendum campaign groups;
74.1.2. Candidates registered for participation in the elections of deputies to the Milli
Majlis;
74.1.3. Candidates registered for participation in Presidential elections;
74.1.4. Political parties or blocs of political parties, which have candidates registered for
participation in the elections of deputies to the Milli Majlis;
74.1.5. Candidates registered for participation in the municipal elections;
74.1.6. Political parties or blocs of political parties, which have candidates registered for
participation in Presidential elections; and
74.1.7. Political parties or blocs of political parties, which havecandidates registered for
participation in municipal elections.
...
74.4. Conduct of pre-election campaigning and distribution of campaign materials shall be
prohibited for:
74.4.1. Subjects indicated in Article 90.2 of this Code (taking into account Articles 12.2 and
12.3 of this Code);
74.4.2. Officials who while performing or abusing their status as employees of government
bodies, agencies or organizations or persons who hold high posts at the municipal agencies
or organizations, civil and municipal servants, and military personnel;
74.4.3. Election commissions, the members of an election commission with decisive voting
rights, and other election commission officials;
74.5. A press group established under the Central Election Commission, comprised mostly
of journalists, shall ensure the observance of the rules on pre-election campaigning
identified by this Code.
As it is clearly mentioned in the requirements of the Electoral Code,
candidates, political parties and bloc of political parties have the right to
campaign, and this means that politial parties and bloc of political parties
can participate in election campaign through their authorised representatives
empowered to represent the party. Moreover, the Electoral Code is clear
about the list of subjects who are prohibited to conduct election campaign.
Given that, prohibition of conduct of pre-election campaign by authorized
representatives established by the “Instruction” is the violation of
legislation and it will provide obstractions to enjoy the active suffrage.
Thus, the issues mentioned above prove that adoption of relevant acts of
statutory nature by the CEC violates Articles 1.4.1. and 4.4. of the
Constitutional Law “On Normative Legal Acts” as well as paragraphs 1.4.,
1.5. and 2.1. of the “Rules for development and passage of acts of statutory
nature by the Central Election Commission of the Republic of Azerbaijan”.
155
Part III
THE SUMMARY
of the precedent cases of
THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS (ECTHR)
in respect of
Azerbaijan Republic
related to
the Article 3 of the Protocol 1 (right to free and fair elections) to
the
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR)
After the Republic of Azerbaijan (AR) became member of the
Council of Europe (CoE) in 2001, it joined the ECHR, by following
the obligations taken before CoE, and on 15 April 2002, ratified the
ECHR. Since that date, AR citizens have entitled to submit
complaint applications to ECtHR according to the ECHR.
In the mentioned period, complaints in various characters and
regarding different violations were submitted. Some of these
applications are regarding the right of free elections granted under
Article 3 of the Protocol 1 of the ECHR.
According to the Article 3 of the Protocol 1:
The High Contracting Parties shall hold free elections at reasonable
intervals by secret ballot, under conditions which will ensure free
expression of the opinion of the people in the choice of the
legislature.
It should be noted that, Article 3 of the Protocol 1 is restricted with
the elections to the legislature (in the case of Azerbaijan it`s Milli
Majlis) and ECtHR is limited to examination of the applications
concerning
elections
held
for
this
body.
156
During the mentioned period, among the decisions on complaints
related to Article 3 of the Protocol 1 regarding Azerbaijan Republic,
ECtHR passed judgements on 12 cases founding out violations.
These cases will be mentioned here below in chorological order and
analyzed summary on these cases will be presented at the end.
1.
Seyidzade v. Azerbaijan, Application No. 37700/05, 3
December 2009
1
The present applicant is a religious clergyman. He was resigned
from all of his professional religious positions in order to participate
in 2005 Parliamentary Elections. In accordance with the provisions
of the laws of AR on contesting the positions, the clergyman is not
allowed to use the right to passive election. Despite the fact that the
applicant has already resigned from all relevant positions, the
Constituency Election Commission (ConEC), thereafter the Central
Election Commission (CEC) and the courts refused from the
registration of his candidacy substantiating that, his resignation did
not excluding his activity as a clergyman.
After exhausting the domestic remedies, the Applicant applied to
ECtHR and claimed the violation of his right to elections granted
under the Article 3 of the Protocol 1.
ECtHR found out the violation of the right to elections of the
Applicant granted under the Article 3 of the Protocol 1. ECtHR ruled
that, while the Contracting States enjoy a wide margin of
appreciation regarding Article 3 (see paras 27, 29), such restrictions
should be in compliance with two criteria: whether there has been
arbitrariness or a lack of proportionality, and whether the restriction
has interfered with the free expression of the opinion of the people.
2
1
Seyidzade v Azerbaijan,
http://bit.ly/1E9jn0B
2
The Court has established that this provision guarantees individual rights,
including the rights to vote and to stand for election. As important as those rights
are, they are not, however, absolute. Since Article 3 recognises them without
setting them out in express terms, let alone defining them, there is room for
“implied limitations”, and contracting States have a wide margin of appreciation in
this sphere. In their internal legal orders, they may make the rights to vote and to
stand for election subject to conditions which are not in principle precluded under
Article 3. The concept of “implied limitations” is of major importance for the
157
Implementing the general principles to the present case, ECtHR
came to conclusion that, the primary issue in dispute in the present
case - the alleged non-foreseeability and arbitrariness of the measure
taken. Accordingly, the problem was in the quality of the law on
which this restriction was based (see para.32)
In this connection, the Court reiterated that a rule is “foreseeable” if
it is formulated with sufficient precision to enable any individual – if
need be with appropriate advice – to regulate his conduct (para. 33).
The Court noted that, indeed, regard being had to the literal wording
of the various relevant provisions of domestic law, the latter may
appear to be mutually inconsistent on the point whether clergymen
were deprived of their passive electoral rights, or whether they were
only subject to disqualification due to simultaneously holding
incompatible positions. In particular, Article 85 (II) of the
Constitution and Articles 13 and 144 of the Electoral Code, Article
14.2.4 of the Electoral Code and Article 5 of the Law on Freedom of
Religion. In this connection, the Court also noted that the same legal
provisions, and in particular Article 14.2 of the Electoral Code,
provided for restrictions of electoral rights not only of the
“clergymen”, but also other categories of persons such as civil
servants, under essentially the same wording. However, the Court
noted that there have been cases where civil servants were actually
registered as candidates for the same parliamentary elections in 2005
where they had submitted an undertaking to resign from the State
service if elected and had been temporarily released from their
official functions during the election period. (para 34)
determination of the relevance of the aims pursued by the restrictions on the rights
guaranteed by this provision. Given that Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 is not limited
by a specific list of “legitimate aims” such as those enumerated in Articles 8-11,
the States are therefore free to rely on an aim not contained in that list to justify a
restriction, provided that this aim is compatible with the principle of the rule of
law and the general objectives of the Convention. Moreover, in examining
compliance with Article 3 of Protocol No. 1, the Court does not apply the tests of
“necessity” or “pressing social need”; instead, it has focused mainly on two
criteria: whether there has been arbitrariness or a lack of proportionality, and
whether the restriction has interfered with the free expression of the opinion of the
people.
158
The Court noted that the Government have not submitted any
examples of domestic practice or judicial rulings showing the
existence of a comprehensive and consistent interpretation of the
scope of the above-mentioned domestic legal provisions in respect of
“clergymen”. (para 35)
The Court found that, indeed, the domestic law did not provide for
any definition of who qualified as “clergymen” and what constituted
“professional religious activity”. The existence of a large variety of
religious denominations which organise themselves internally in
different ways may potentially result in different views as to who
can be considered as a “clergyman” in respect of a specific religion,
faith or belief. Moreover, since the term “religious activity” is rather
ambiguous and lends itself to quite a broad interpretation. The
connotations of the term “professional” as used with the term
“religious activity” are also unclear. The domestic courts in the
present case have not provided any definition or clarification either
(para 36).
In such circumstances, the Court finds that the domestic legislation
providing for the impugned restriction was not foreseeable as to its
effects and left considerable room for speculation as to the definition
of the categories of persons affected by it. The relevant legal
provisions were not sufficiently precise to enable the applicant to
regulate his conduct and foresee which specific types of activities
would entail a restriction of his passive electoral rights. (para 37)
In conclusion, the Court notes that the legal definition of the
category of persons affected by the impugned restriction was too
wide and imprecise. In addition, the application of the law in respect
of the applicant resulted in a situation where the very essence of the
rights guaranteed by Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 was impaired.
Note: In the case of Ittihadi-Islam, ECtHR referring to Seyidzade
case as a presedent, and concluded that, neither the Law on
Non-Governmental Organisations provided any kind of definition of
what constituted “religious activity”. paras 47-49 ot that decision)
159
2. Namat Aliyev v. Azerbaijan, Application No. 18705/06, 08 April
2010
3
The applicant on the present case is a professional politic. He stood
for the parliamentary elections in 2005 as a candidate of the
opposition bloc Azadliq for the single-mandate Barda City Electoral
Constituency no. 93. According to the ConEC protocol drawn up
after election day, one of the applicant's opponents, Z.O. obtained
the highest number of votes cast and the Applicant was the second
after him. Immediately after elections, the applicant submitted
identical complaints to the ConEC and the Central Electoral
Commission (CEC), in which he claimed of numereous violations
(inter alia that, the local authorities openly campaigned in his
opponent`s favour and coercing voters to vote for him, Z.O.'s
supporters intimidated voters, in several polling stations, observers
were harassed or excluded from the voting area,
there were
instances of multiple voting and ballot-box stuffing, the authorities
failed to include some resided citizens into voters lists). In support of
his claims, the applicant submitted affidavits (akt) of election
observers, audio tapes and other evidence.
CEC dismissed the
complainst using general formulation for justification. The applicant
appealed to domestic courts. The courts dismissed his complaints as
well.
After exhausting the domestic remedies, the Applicant applied to
EctHR and claimed the violation of his right to elections granted
under Article 3 of the Protocol 1.
The Court noted that, the conditions to the right to vote must not
thwart the free expression of the people in the choice of the
legislature – in other words, they must reflect, or not run counter to,
the concern to maintain the integrity and effectiveness of an electoral
procedure aimed at identifying the will of the people through
universal suffrage (para 71) Furthermore, the object and purpose of
the Convention, which is an instrument for the protection of human
rights, requires its provisions to be interpreted and applied in such a
way as to make their stipulations not theoretical or illusory but
practical and effective (para 72) Lastly, the Court has also had an
occasion to emphasise that it is important for the authorities in
3
Namat Aliyev v Azerbaijan
,
http://bit.ly/1TZdPNK
160
charge of electoral administration to function in a transparent
manner and to maintain impartiality and independence from political
manipulation (para 73).
The Court will first had regard to the Government's argument that
the difference in the official vote totals received by Z.O. and the
applicant was so significant that, even if the applicant's allegations
concerning some election irregularities in various polling stations
were true, it would not affect the ultimate result of the election. The
Court cannot accept this argument. In order to arrive at the
conclusion proposed by the Government, it is first necessary to
separately assess the seriousness and magnitude of the alleged
election irregularity prior to determining its effect on the overall
outcome of the election. However, the question whether this has
been done in a diligent manner is a major point of contention
between the parties in the context of the present complaint.
Moreover, in any event, what is at stake in the present case is not the
applicant's right to win the election in his constituency, but his right
to stand freely and effectively for it. The applicant was entitled under
Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 to stand for election in fair and
democratic conditions, regardless of whether ultimately he won or
lost. (Paragraphs 74-75).
Although the Court, owing to the subsidiary nature of its role, noted
that it cannot assume a fact-finding role, the evidence presented by
the applicant in support of his claims can be considered strong and
whether they had amounted to irregularities capable of thwarting the
free expression of the opinion of the people.
The Court also had regard to the Final Report of the OSCE/ODIHR
Election Observation Mission concerning the elections and noted
that, while it was not direct relating exclusively to the applicant's
constituency,
similar irregularities
observed
in
most
of the
constituencies. The Court considered that the applicant has put
forward a very serious and arguable claim disclosing an appearance
of a failure to hold free and fair elections in his constituency (paras
77-79).
The Court
emphasised
that,
where
complaints
of
election
irregularities had been addressed at the domestic level, the Court's
161
examination should be limited to verifying whether any arbitrariness
could be detected in the domestic court procedure and decisions.
This right would be illusory if, any competent domestic body
capable of effectively dealing with the matter.
The Court noted that, the applicant appealed both to Con.EC and
CEC, and to the courts as well. While the examination of ConEC
was formal, CEC consideration was very late. The applicant's
appeals lodged with the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court
were not addressed adequately either (in particular, the Supreme
Court relied on extremely formalistic reasons to avoid examining the
substance of the complaint). In this respect, the Court recalled the
Venice Commission's Code of Good Practices in Electoral Matters,
which cautions against excessive formalism, and found that such a
rigid and overly formalistic approach was not justified under the
Convention. (paras 80-87).
The Court concluded that the applicant's complaints concerning
election irregularities were not effectively addressed at the domestic
level and were dismissed in an arbitrary manner.
Note: Namat Aliyev case was referred to as a precedent case in the
case of Karimova vs Azerbaijan (see mentioned case, paras 44-45)
3. [Flora] Kerimova v. Azerbaijan, Application No.20799/06, 30
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