IV INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF YOUNG RESEARCHERS
1229
Qafqaz University 29-30 April 2016, Baku, Azerbaijan
attacks and tears men limb from limb. Within very short time Grendel becomes the nightmare of
Hrothgar’s people since they are not able to defeat him. The problem that makes situations challenging
is that Grendel can not be wounded by the blade of any edged weapon.
According to the legends, monsters are the descendants of the biblical Cain, the son of Adam and
Eve. So that Grendel is also supposed to be the descendant of Cain, as well.
Till the monster stirred, that demon, that fiend
Grendel who haunted the moors, the wild
Marshes, and made his home in a hell.
Not hell but hell on earth. He was spawned in that slim
Of Cain, murderous creatures banished
By God, punished forever for the crime
Of Abel's death.
p. 26, lines 101-108
Hence, Grendel is the offspring of Hrothgar and the dragon, He looks like a man with his two
legs, two arms, and one head, whilst he is more of a monster for being gargantuan, mighty, ghastly,
macabre in his physical appearance.
It is clearly described in the epic that Grendel is so jealous, resentful, and angry toward
mankind.The reason of his hatred is that he thinks God blessed humans, but he himself never can be
blessed. For this very thoughts he resents joy, beauty, light, music, and entertainment in the mead-hall
of Hrothgar.
The most interesting part of the epic is that despite of his wrath toward the people, Grendel
avoids to harm his own father, Hrothgar who is also is conscious of his son’s deeds.
Although Grendel has the strength of killing lots of men in one attack, he is wounded mortally by
the brave hero Beowulf and dies on the laps of his mother in their mysterious cave.
The Danes started
In new terror, cowering in their beds as the terrible
Screams of the Almighty's enemy sang
In the darkness, the horrible shrieks of pain
And defeat, the tears torn out of Grendel's
Taut throat, hell's captive caught in the arms
Of him who of all the men on earth
Was the strongest.
p. 47-48, lines 783-790
Hanging high
From the rafters where Beowulf had hung it, was the monster's
Arm, claw, and shoulder and all.
p. 49, lines 833-836
According to the above discussed issues it can be concluded that even though the Grendel might
be judged, the great amount of his wrath can be clearly explained as the result of his enviness and the
thought of being cursed by God.
IV INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF YOUNG RESEARCHERS
1230
Qafqaz University 29-30 April 2016, Baku, Azerbaijan
THE ENTERTAINER ADLI OYUNA
SOSYO-POLİTİK BİR YAKLAŞIM
Günay ALLAHVERDIYEVA
Qafqaz University
gallahverdiyeva@qu.edu.az
AZƏRBAYCAN
Sanat ve edebiyatta eserlerin çoğu kendi dönemlerinin etkisiyle ortaya çıkarlar. Yani, eserlerde
yaşanılan dönemin sosyal ve siyasi etkileri yadsınamaz. Bu çalışmada, John Osborne’un üç perdelik
oyunu olan The Entertainer’ın, dönem İngiltere’sindeki sosyal ve siyasal hayatın, karakterleri ve
kurgusu üzerindeki etkisini inceleyeceğiz. John Osborne’un yazdığı The Entertainer ilk kez 1957 yı-
lında Royal Court Tiyatrosu’nda sahnelenmiştir. Oyunun baş kahramanı Archie, üçüncü sınıf yaşlı bir
müzikal oyuncusudur. Rice ailesinin diğer bireylerini ise müzikallerin gözde olduğu dönemlerden kal-
ma babası Billy, alkolik ve ilgisiz karısı Phoebe,askerlik görevini reddettiği için hapishanede üç ay
hizmet veren barış taraftarı oğlu Frank ve sol eğilimli bir işçi olan dalgın kızı Jean oluşturmaktadır.
Ayrıyeten, oyunda ailenin Mick adlı bir oğlunun da Süveyş’te esir alındığını ve öldüğünü öğrenmekte-
yiz. Oyun, Rice’ların evleri ile Archie’nin tepkisiz seyircisine şarkılar söyleyerek sıkıcıev yaşamından
kaçış sağlamaya çalıştığı sahne performansı arasında gidip gelen sahnelerden oluşmaktadır.
John Osborne The Entertainer adlı oyununda İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası İngiltere’deki sosyal ve
siyasal olaylardan etkilenerek bir kurgu oluşturmuştur. Oyunu sosyo-politik açıdan inceleyecek
olursak; toplumsal açıdan, oyundaki karakterler materyalist ve tüketici toplumda kendi aralarındaki
iletişimsizlikten kaynaklanan soyutlanmayı yaşamaktadırlar. Aynı zamanda siyasal açıdan ise, İngiliz
İmparatorluğu’nun durumu ile Süveyş krizi döneminde yaşayan bir ailenin kaderi arasındaki
benzerliğe dikkat çekmektedir. Böylelikle, oyunun temel sembolizmi son günlerini yaşayan bir sanat
dalının ününü kaybetmiş ismi Archie Rice ile modern İngiltere arasındaki kurduğu paralelliktir.
Osborne oyunda Epik tiyatro tarzı bir kurgu oluşturmuş ve “yabancılaştırma” tekniğinden
faydalanmıştır. Bunu yapmaktaki amacı seyircinin bir tiyatro oyunu izlediğinin farkında olarak oyunu
izlemesini sağlamaktır. Archie’nin oyunda başka karakterle birlikteyken müzikal sahnelerine şarkı
söyleyerek geçmesi yabancılaştırma tekniğidir. Oyunun siyasi temasına katkıda bulunan bu teknik
Archie Rice’ın sıkıcı ve manasız seremonileri politik anlaşmazlıklar ve sosyal problemlerin yarattığı
hayal kırıklıklarıyla parçalanmış durumdaki İngiltere’nin Süveyş isyanında takındığı eskimiş
emperyalist rolünü hatırlatmaktadır.
Yazıldığı dönemde The Entertainer birçok eleştirmen tarafından İngiltere”nin sosyal ve politik
hicvi olarak tanımlanmıştır. Rice ailesinin herbir ferdi çökmek üzere olan İngiliz imparatorluğunun
geçmişini, bugününü ve geleceğini temsil etmektedir. Billy, Edward döneminin solmuş ihtişamını
sembolize ederken, Archie ve Phoebe yeni dünyanın umut vermekten uzak yaşamını yansıtmaktadır.
Genç neslin sembolü olarak Frank ve Jean “hayır” diyebilme yeteneğine sahip olmaya
çalışmaktadırlar. Jean’den beklenilen saygın Graham Dodd ile evlenmesi, Frank’ten beklenen ise
askerlik görevini yerine getirmesidir. Hakkında dürüst olmasının, Archie ile geçinememesinin dışında
başka bir şey bilmediğimiz Mick’in sahne dışı varlığı ise, hem kendisinden istenileni sorgulamaksızın
yerine getiren gençliğe, hem de İngiliz Hükümeti’nin emperyalist bir güç olarak anılmak pahasına
ödediği son bedele yöneltilen bir eleştiridir. Oyun boyunca aile fertleri arasında dikkat çeken iletişim
eksikliği, evrensel bir problemi yansıtmaktadır. Jean insanların birbirlerini dinlemediğinden
bahsederken, her karakterin yalnızca kendi iç dünyasının sakini olduğunu kastetmektedir. Nick ve
Billy’nin ölümü gibi aile bireylerini birbirlerine kenetlemesi gereken önemli olaylar dahi aile içinde
geçici birliktelikler yaratmaktadır. Bu durum, modern toplumun genel bir problemine işaret
etmektedir. Oyunda biz seyircilere/okuyuculara verilmek istenen, kopmaya yüz tutmuş aile bağları
İngiliz imparatorluğu’nun tarihe karışmak üzere olan varlığını sembolize etmektedir. Kuşaklar arası
iletişimin imkânsızlığını vurgulayan sessizlikse, modern yaşamın olumsuz bir getirisi olarak
sunulmaktadır.
The Entertainer’da her bir karakter dönemin sosyal ve siyasal yaşamını yansıtan birçok özellikle
betimlenmektedir. Oyunda görülen üç kuşak da ait olduğu dönemlere özgü farklı farklı yorumlar
IV INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF YOUNG RESEARCHERS
1231
Qafqaz University 29-30 April 2016, Baku, Azerbaijan
sunmaktadır. Osborne, karakterlerin söz ve tavırlarında keskin eleştiriler içeren detaylar gizlemiştir.
Sevimli, yaşlı bir karakter olarak çizilen Billy’nin Albay Redfern örneğinden farklı olarak görkemli
geçmişe yönelik kaba ve sıradan sözleri çelişki içermektedir. Geçmişe yönelik ifadeleri ise hislerinin
karmaşıklığına dikkat çekmektedir. Çünkü yaşanan tufanın sorumlusunun geçmişte yapılan hatalar
olma ihtimali de vardır.
Son olarak diyebiliriz ki, tiyatronun amacı insan ve toplum yaşamanı anlatmaktır.Tiyatro
oyunları, ait oldukları zamana ve yaşam alanına yönelik birinci el kaynaklardır. Osborne’un “Öfkeli
Genç Kuşak”adı altında damgasını vurduğu İkinci Dünya Savaşı İngiltere’si Osborne’un toplumsal
içerikli oyunlarında tasvir edilmiştir. İlginçtir ki, Osborne ve oyunlarını değerli kılan tartıştığı konular
değil, kahramanlarının yansıttığı duygusal derinlik ve kullandığı dildir. Oyunları etkileyici kılan, güçlü
hislerin dili kullanma yeteneğiyle birleşince yarattığı tesirdir. Yaşamın ve insan ruhunun en kritik
anlarını yakalanmış ve günlük dille bütünleştirilerek olağanüstü gerçekçi bir yaklaşımla aktarılmıştır.
Bu bağlamda, çalışmanın amacı The Entertainer adlı oyunun İngiltere’ninİkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası
dönemde toplumsal ve siyasi durumundan etkilenilerek yazıldığını göstermektir. Oyun, içinde
bulunulan koşullara ayna tutan, toplumsal değerler üzerinde düşünmeye ve bu değerleri sorgulamaya
teşvik eden, Archie’nin şahit olunan dramıdır. Ayrıca oyun, siyasal ve toplumsal alanda ihtiyaç
duyulan düzene dikkat çekmektedir. John Osborne bu oyunuyla karakterlerinin gerek duyulan
toplumsal yaşamı daha verimli kılacak olan standartlara ulaşma çabasını biz okurlarına iletmeyi
amaçlamaktadır.
THE FOUNDATION AND EVOLUTION OF
CHILDREN SCOTTISH LITERATURE
Elnur HUSEYNOV
Qafqaz University
Elnur_006.88@mail.ru
AZERBAIJAN
British Children Literature has a distinguished and a long history.In the late seventeenth and in
the eighteenth century, Britain took the lead in developing a new kind of literature especially for
children. The Puritans were the first to recognise the potential for targeted at children. Included as part
of British Children’s Literature was the work of Scottish authors. Indeed writers such as Sir Walter
Scott, George MacDonald and J.M Barrie produced works that have since become Children’s
Literature classics. Scotland had been a separate nation until the Act of Union in 1707. After this
Scotland retained its own education system, its own national church. Scottish Literature continued to
flourish during this time using of English and Scots language. Since devolution in 1997, Scotland’s
literature has undergone an unprecedented period of rapid of Scottish writters internationally. During
the same period Scottish Children’s Literature and Scottish children’s writters have not received the
same attention though their progress has been as significant. In 2000 years the Modern Language
Association of America recognise that Scottish Literature as a national literature and Scottish
children’s is included as part of that.
The ‘Golden Age’ of Children’s Literature There have been, to date, two acknowledged ‘Golden
Ages’ in Children’s Literature in the English-speaking world: the first from about 1860 till 1914 and
the second from the mid- 1950s till the 1970s. Scots who were writing for children in the first ‘golden
age’ include R.L.Stevenson, George MacDonald, Andrew Lang, J.M. Barrie, S.R Crockett, John
Buchan, Kenneth Grahame, R.M. Ballantyne and Ian MacLaren. Naomi Mitchison, Eric Linklater,
Mollie Hunter and Joan Lingard are only a few of the Scots writing for children from the 1950s on.
With the publication of Holiday House (1839) Edinburgh author Catherine Sinclair brought about the
first of the major changes characteristic of Victorian Children’s Literature. The children in her book
were naughty, noisy, disobedient and adventurous: and they played. They were indulged by adults in a
way that had not previously been seen and were entertained by imaginative and original fairy tales told
by 54 their uncle within the text, which helped to pave the way for the explosion in the fantasy genre
IV INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF YOUNG RESEARCHERS
1232
Qafqaz University 29-30 April 2016, Baku, Azerbaijan
for children that was to come. The importance of this book in the history of Children’s Literature
cannot be underestimated. It was written with the intention of changing the quality and kind of reading
supplied for young people and presented central protagonists who displayed distinctively Scottish
characteristics in a recognisably Scottish context.
Interestingly, despite the fact that landmark fictions by Scottish authors are key to many
theoretical discussions, works for example by Scott, Sinclair, Ballantyne, Macdonald, Stevenson,
Lang, Grahame and Barrie, there seems to have been virtually no acknowledgement in standard
reference texts of the existence of a tradition of Scottish writing for young people, a tradition that
stretches over some 180 years. Exceptions are Stuart Hannabuss's short survey in 1996 and two recent
groundbreaking reviews of Scottish publishing policies for children's books and comics by Jane Potter
and Joseph McAleer. Seen in the light of these studies it has to be acknowledged that the
phrase Scottish children's literature appears to be highly problematical.
In 1997 some teacher members of the Association for Scottish Literary Studies addressed these
complex issues inTeaching Scottish Literature
9
and subsequently in 2003 used the criteria which they
had developed to produce Treasure Islands as a guide to fiction for young readers aged 10-14. This
proposed a rationale for using and enjoying 'Scottish' works, and offered short critical accounts of 160
texts, later supplemented online by a further 40 items which took the survey up to 2005. One
limitation of this selection was that it did not attempt to deal with writing for the very young, comic
books and graphic and videogame narratives. It was not moreover a direct survey of readers' own
favourites.
THE GENERAL INTERPRETATION OF MARY SHELLEY’S
FRANKENSTEIN AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Səbinə SƏMƏDZADƏ
Qafqaz University
elekberli_ilkin@mail.ru
AZERBAIJAN
Science has always played particularly influential role in every face of life. Literature is not an
exception. This consistency particularly concerns the periods of “revolution” in the scientific world.
This explosion had the strongest influence on literature. One of the brightest examples is the period of
Enlightenment or the Scientific Revolution. “Frankenstein” by Mary Shelley is a product of this
revolution. In the result of the Revolution the standard understanding of the world and the possibilities
of a mankind changed. There were a lot of changes in the “baggage of knowledge” of European people
in the 17
th
and 18
th
centuries. It was the world’s starting to deal with function like machine and science
finally found a shape in different individual scientific trends. It was epistemic transformation that
changed everything around people. These comprehensive changes influenced to the literature tradition
greatly. Worshiping machines destroyed the remainder of the value of people and their feelings in
literature. This process caused a lot of protests and rejection with the authors respecting humanism and
each person as an individual. Mary Shelley is one of those authors and her work “Frankenstein” is a
loud scream against putting science on top of the human values. She warns people of becoming
obsessed with science and of forgetting about the beauty, love and moral values, which were ignored
back then. “Frankenstein” is a book not about a struggle against a creature but a tragedy of a scientist,
personifying science itself, who reached the goal of his work and life. Victor Frankenstein creates a
mankind and cannot take responsibility for what he has done. He was intelligent in science and he had
ambitions. That’s why he forgets about responsibility for the creature. The values of the
Enlightenment receive the scientific experiments and their results, not caring if the “creation” will find
a place in the world around it. The moral aspect of the creation of a mankind is forgotten. The novel
criticizes the most the conflict between the value of human being and a scientific discovery. The
secrets of the human soul disappear behind the sounds of the machines and it becomes the time of the
“kingdom of empirical investigation”. Shelley criticizes thought of science making the God out of a
IV INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF YOUNG RESEARCHERS
1233
Qafqaz University 29-30 April 2016, Baku, Azerbaijan
man. Victor Frankenstein brings a life to the world in order to content his ambitions, just to confirm
that he can do it. The question that Mary Shelley worries the most about is how far a scientist should
follow his thirst for knowledge, how far should he lead his experiments and whether they are worth of
the possible outcome and damage they can bring. The scientific Revolution didn’t care about these
problems, it just went on and like snow slide that no one can stop it. The clash of science and human
values in the book stressed the meaning of ethics and morality in the life of each scientist. The novel
highly disapproved the possible consequences of the uncontrolled scientific progress. It is a “call of
duty” of each scientist to think carefully before creating something and to analyze whether the world
and he himself truly need this creation. “Frankenstein” is considered one of the best reflections of the
world perception back in the period of the Scientific Revolution. Thought the novel was written in
1817 - its conflict is still essential in the modern world. Being careless for what one creates may cause
a lot of sufferings and such criterions.
Mary Shelley’s “Frankenstein” is more just an ordinary novel. It is a book that carries a
thoughtful philosophical message. It is not only a book about a struggle against a monster but also a
tragedy of scientist, who reached the goal of his work and life. He realized that breathless horror and
aversion filled his heart but all of these are on the surface. The deepest philosophical thought is
covered but is very deep. The author tries to say that the life is a gift which given to the human.
“Frankenstein” philosophy is a conflict between the value of human life and the value of a scientific
discovery. This is not only a tragedy of Victor Frankenstein but also of his creation. It is about a
tragedy of loneliness and fighting alone with the world. The tragedy of Frankenstein was a tragedy of
him being a toy in the hand of his own parents. They believed that he “was in their hands to direct to
happiness or misery”. Mary Shelley expressed her care about not bringing up children properly. She
shows that a tragedy may begin even from childhood full of happiness. One of the events that
“predicted” the tragedy was when his mother brought Elizabeth for little Viktor, a “pretty present for
my Victor” as she introduced it. The novel argues that no one in the world should ever consider
himself to be “the creator”. Each living being has the right to live and to be happy in this world –
which is the simple philosophy of life.
Life is a present – and it is the predominant philosophy of the novel. If you give life to somebody
a sa parent or create a life like ViktorFrankenstein you must know that what to do with it and also you
must take all responsibility for giving tohe best to your creation. The creature was Viktor’s toy and
Viktor himself also was a toy of his parents.
Mary Shelley share’s a philosophy that should be inside the heart of each reader: life - is not a toy
to play with! There is only one source of life and there should be no others: “ Learn from me, if not by
my precepts, at least by my example, how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge, and how much
happier that man is who believes his native town to be the world, than he who aspires to become
greater than his nature will allow”.
THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD AND ITS GOLDEN
AGESIN ENGLISH LITERARURE
Sevda HUSEYNOVA
Qafqaz University
sehuseynova@qu.edu.az
AZERBAIJAN
Time between the XVI and XVII centuries is called The Renaissance in art and literature in
England. In this period the writers and learned men, who were called humanists, turned against
feudalism and began to learn more about true nature of things in the world. These new ideas first
appeared in Italy. Italy was the first bourgeois country.
First period of Renaissance began with the literary work of the greatest humanist Thomas More.
He is regarded the first English humanist. He is famous with his “Utopia”, a political essay in two
parts, which was written in Latin. The book is the description of the author’s imaginary conversation
|