ANALYSIS ON “BETRAYAL” BY HAROLD PINTER
Gulnar JAFAROVA
Qafqaz University
gulka_c91@mail.ru
AZERBAIJAN
“Betrayal” is the most noticeable dramatic work of Harold Pinter which was written in 1978. It
introduces writer’s economical dialogue, characters’ secret emotions among characters, infidelity and
hidden motivations. Plot of play is so innovative. It associates various substitutions of betrayal
depending to a seven-year relation involving a married couple. They are Emma and Robert, and
Robert's "best friend" Jerry. Jerry is married, too. His wife’s name is Judith. For five years Jerry and
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Emma go on their relation without Robert's knowledge, both goring Robert and betraying Judith. Despite,
she goes on their relationship, it goes on until Emma, admits her deception to Robert without telling
Jerry she has done so. Passing four years after exposing the relation, in 1977 and two years after their
next terminate, Emma sees Jerry for speaking to him that her marriage to Robert ends. Then, she preva
ricates to Jerry in telling him that "last night". She had to tell the truth to Robert and that now he warns
of the relation. Sum up, reality is that Robert has known about the relation after the past four years.
In the recent twenty years since Betrayal was the only play has become something of a classic,
made reachable to ever-growing spectators by the film version with the excellent Patricia Hodge, Ben
Kingsley and Jeremy Irons. The characters’ inconstant seek for meaning is shared by the reader,
audience however is garbled, through the intellectual formal shaping elements employed by Pinter,
from the ethical to the aesthetic sphere. The supremacy of its summary form over its narrative content,
its position on the interest of time to memory, its calmness, ironical tone and its intentional abstinence
of a spiritual posture. Even though a lot of noticeable analyses of Betrayal came soon after the play
was first produced, we have today collected enough span from it to legitimate its re-assessment. In this
article, I shall investigate the play as a trial in division, a promotion of human relationships in terms of
game range and a post-modern, aesthetic and ironical transaction of what used to appertain to religion
and ethics. Now that the internal enthusiasm about the courageous time-turning back of its plot has
ensconced down, the artistic environments of the play can be appeared more frankly. The
chronological cancellation is instrumental to this common wake-up of the dramatic shape and style.
The admission of deceit hasn’t got spiritual blame or even profound mental damage in Betrayal.
The fabric of all human relations seems to pass and sap. There is also a limit of egocentricity in the
lovers that acts as a remedy to love. The family, the work, the children. These medium-class
institutions are assimilated as sublime precise and the love-affair is simply a side-kick for both parties,
who do not equip emotionally so much in it. Neither maintenances about the other enough to be really
prepared to give up something of his or her life style.
Betrayal has distinctly forfeited its spiritual and theological side within the world of the play. It has
forfeited its individual feature in the twofold standard by which men and women are appraised. The
concept of betrayal, the phrase itself, has been emptied of its sentimental strength. Diminished to an
isolated sample, treachery seems to have forfeited its fist. The female’s treachery is not appreciated like
various from that of these two men. Emma illustrates a lady living in a community in which the salvation
of women has been a fait accompli. Devotion in affection or marriage has been fell by the wayside in
equal part along with betrayal. No one in “Betrayal” appears to get especially disappointed for this.
The situation for Robert’s misogynist performance is Jerry’s falling in for a drink in the fourth
scene. The talk is led on a number of levels regularly and is full of close harmonic voice. This is in the
general theme of a romantic story to work to persuade that there is anything unexampled regarding to
it that distinguishes it from all other love topics. It is about a rare desire. Obviously, the negligible
conversation and the most frugal of dramatic arrangements are controlled by Pinter himself into a
proficient trick that reveals the actual tenseness and intrigues. These are being played out underneath
the comfortable overhead. Robert didn’t supposed dividing from Emma after he finds out she is having
a relationship with Jerry but only four years later, when that affair has practically and even nominally
arrive to finish. There is emotional and social network within situations and relationships. They
detected in the play. Besides them he diminished significance of treachery and its promiscuity can be
realized as a task of the common loosening of these connections and the simplifying of the person’s
stipulations. Fervency is the majestic, overwhelming feeling that has undergone reduction in equal
part. In Martin Esslin’s words, “far from being impassioned complications, primordial and inevitable
relationships appear fortuitous and meager.”
Although, the playwright wanted to write particularly unromantic image of unfaithfulness, it is
seen he underlines commonness of the text to the range. Obviously, there is even a feeling of the
personae dropping into pre-scripted personages. The frivolity of tip compares with the traditional
garments of drama and literature that disputes with the treachery of love and marriage. The intentional
non-existence of a spiritual deliberateness in the work conflict with readers’ own commonplace
answers. It occurs with establishing inconsistency among them and the play. It shakes readers into a
reappraisal of their own spiritual passwords and pre-opinion. This issue is often appeared in Pinter’s
most plays.
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ANALYSIS OF “MARTIN EDEN” AS A MAJOR CHARACTER
Simuzar SHIRINOVA
Qafqaz University
simushka92@gmail.com
AZERBAIJAN
Martin Eden is a masterpiece by American author Jack London, about a struggling young writer.
The protagonist of the novel is considered self-portrait of Jack London. Both Martin and author grow
up in the lower class and suffered from extreme poverty. These factors made London to write such an
autobiographical novel.
Eden is a poor seaman from a working class background. He was forced to make his own living
and had to work to gain everything he wanted. As a poor sailor, Eden always desired of being
educated, wealthy and belonged to the upper class society.
He inspired when he first meets the bourgeois Morse family. He discovers that there are whole
other universe of people out there that he suddenly wants to be part of it. He falls in love with the
sister of his young friend, who embodies all the intelligence and charm that he ever thought could be
combined into one woman. Thus, he decides to educate himself to prove to be worthy of Ruth and
manages it very well.
Martin Eden is determined and phenomenal character that Jack London created. I especially liked
that the theme of class wasn’t connected to material wealth, but to education, and then not mainly to
formal education expressed in degrees and diplomas, but to a combination of what he had experienced
himself, and to his ability of critical thinking and analysis.
He educates himself feverishly and every spare moment is devoted to study and then comes the
great idea – he will write. Therefore, he strives to overcome his lack of knowledge and to turn himself
from a rough sailor into a cultivated man. Eden pursues a career as a young writer to win the affections
of Ruth Morse. It opens up a new world to the once struggling seaman.
Eden begins his pursuit of writing with a sense of optimism. Eventually, Martin gains the fame as
an accomplished and famous writer. While he succeeds, he is isolated from higher classes he used to
be respect. He finds himself increasingly distanced from his working class background and
surroundings. He thought that the middle class values him for his fame, his farmer working class
chums value him for a self he no longer feels himself to be.
When copies of his first book published, he doesn’t greet them with the joy he once imagined,
because it has come too late. Money and fame pour on in on Martin, but it means little to him now.
The lack of struggle leaves him with nothing. Because he didn’t see the aim to continue living in the
world he had got accustomed to firstly. After achieving great success Ruth Morse tries to win him
back, but Eden rejects and realizes that her love is false.
He feels as if he is not accepted as a true member of the elite. He thought he is still the same
Martin Eden; his fame has only changed his image, not his character. Instead of enjoying his success,
he retreats into a quiet indifference, interrupted only to rail mentally against the genteelness of
bourgeois society or to donate his new wealth to working-class friends and family.
In life, Martin can find no way to save himself; his mind is dead to impressions. He feels
mentally sick and resolves he will never write again. Gradually, he has lost his interest in life and feels
alienated in the present and returns the sea, where despair overcomes him. The only thing he wants is
rest, and finally he comes to a conclusion that only death will give him a peace, will soothe him away
to everlasting sleep. Eden’s tragedy is the tragedy of an individual isolated from his people and his
class.
This is a story of a person climbing the fence to the greener grass and finding it was an allusion
and that he has nowhere else to go. The author doesn’t intend readers to accept Martin’s denunciations
of the weak. Indeed London wrote the novel was an argument against ruthless individualism that if
Eden had been a socialist, he would never had killed himself. Unlike Martin, London was a socialist.
He takes in the suicide of Eden is in fact an expressions of his longing for escape from the pains
of his wasted body. Through Martin Eden author shows us the struggle between classes, his sudden
success, his experiences with women, and his disgust with society.
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What a vital character that Martin Eden! A reader is drawn to his strength, brilliance and lust for
life at first. Prodigious story of the hero motivated us, also many young writers to move on, and. live a
life without expectations.
ANALYSIS OF THE MAINPROTAGONIST IN BEOWULF
Madina SHAHMURADLI
Qafqaz University
mshahmuradli@gmail.com
AZERBAIJAN
Beowulf is heroic poem, the highest achievement of Old English literature and the earliest
European vernacular epic poem. Preserved in a single manuscript from c. 1000, it deals with events of
the early 6th century and is believed to have been composed between 700 and 750.The author of
Beowulf is a mystery.
Beowulf is the son of ScyldShefing, and a strong king in his own right. He has questions in his
mind about the main character of the poem. As a thanehe serves Geat king Hygelac and maybe this
opportunity leads him into becoming the King of the Geats. His nearly 50 year life is presented in his
poem, including the fights with Grendel and his mother and with the treasure defender dragon. The
main features of the Germanic heroism history are including loyalty, courtesy and pride. Honor was
one of the most important symbols. There are many episodes described in his poems to emphasize this
specific feature related to that period and the heroes of The Geats. For instance a young
Geatishwarrior, fights Grendel without protective covering and without a weapon and in return for that
his opponent also fights with bare hands which shows the justice of the heroes. Beowulf is considered
to have all epic heroes’ features which every epic hero has these values and morals. Well, there is
bravery, courage, lack of greed, and many others. The fights with Grendel give glory to Beowulf. He
lacks greed when he does not keep the dragon's treasure for himself but shares it with his people. Now
another thing is that an epic hero protects his/her culture. Beowulf is always ready to protect his
culture even it doesn’t matter to him if he loses his life in return for that. It is also clear when Beowulf
died the Geats were destroyed and their culture vanished, thus Beowulf preserved the culture till his
death.
On the other hand there are contrast ideas in comparison with other epic heroes it is shown that
Beowulf doesn’t possess all features which we can see with other epic heroes. For example Odysseus
from Greek mythology, at first he has many difficulties achieving his freedom,coping with all troubles
and in spite of all these eventually he lasts all his time enjoying the prosperity. Beowulf is not
considered to be one of this typical heroes since he does die in battle and does not live on, despite that
his death is a noble death which gives him a big glory. His dominance came from his strength which
allowed him to succeed in the battles. If it were not for his pure strength, he would not have been able
to defeat Grendel, for weapons would not work. By fighting Grendel without weapons, he opened
himself up to greater glorification. Beowulf’s strength could not be seen as a disadvantage, while the
results of his strength could.
Many battles won by him were the result of his strength and glory including that with Grendel.
Beowulf used his glory in previous battles to justify himself when coming to help Hrothgar. In
addition, he was decisive and his bravery and his self-assurance played an important role in his
decisions.Even sometimes this bravery and his adventurous spirit made him get into trouble. While in
his young age, Beowulf was into a lot of glory and recognition. As time passed all of these started to
be taken away, and it made him weaker and lose his abilities through the rough periods of the history.
As the king of the Geats, he had to protect his land through dangerous circumstances namely
from the attack of the dragon. And as a result of these attacks he felt angry and decided to kill the
dragon. In one of the battles he was beaten and saved by one of his thanes, Wiglaf. Now, Beowulf’s
strength was not enough to kill the dragon which became a disadvantage for him. The loss of strength,
and the battle was disheartening to Beowulf, however he took it in stride. After his battle with the
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dragon Beowulf realized his time was over. However, he used the time on his death bed to reflect on
his life, he continues with all his strength even to gain another glorywhich could help his thanes
remembering all great battles which they got successfully fought. This is a sign of Beowulf’s self
assurance. Even though his assurance no longer guided him into battle, Beowulf used it to assure
himself that he had done well in his life.
During his life time, Beowulf was a great fighter. His bravery and strength helped him to
triumph, and he made sure everyone knew about it. By doing so he showed his vanity. However, all of
his attributes; strength, courage, self assurance, and adventurous helped Beowulf for good. While they
could have had greater bad effects, Beowulf carried himself well and was respected by many (except
for Grendel!).
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF JAMES JOYCE`S NOVEL
“A PORTRAIT OF THEARTIST AS A YOUNG MAN
”
Aysel MAMEDOVA
Qafqaz University
mamedovaay@gmail.com
AZERBAIJAN
James Augustine Aloysius Joyceis one of the prominent representatives of British
romanticism.Being Irish by origin,J.Joyce opens a way to new literary trend in British literature and
uses new literary methods in such large works of fiction as “Ulysses” and “FinnegansWake”.Heis one
of the leading figures among the followers of stream of consciousness technique andhis epiphanies
are very popular.Other famous works written by J.Joyce ,are the short story collection “Dubliners”,a
somewhat autobiographical novel “A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man” and the others.
“A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man” is one of the magnificent works of James Joyce and
this novel is considered to be one of the most valuable works of literature of all time”.James Joyce`s
first biographer Herbert Sherrnan Gorman stated that “so profound and beautiful and convincing a
book is part of the lasting literature of our age”,and with good reason.The main character of the
novel,StephenDedalus,is a complicated and gumptiousyouth,and during the course of his life he is
predisposed by massive changes.There are a lot of influences that affect him but most influential ones
are family and religion.As time passes,Stephen`s attitudes towards these influences get changed
drastically.According to Stephen Dedalus,his family is very important to him.His father, Simon,plays
an important role in his early life,and when Stephen is young he has great respect for
him.However,sometimes Stephen is irritated by his father`s actions and annoyed by his
statements.Financial problems incurred by Simon causes his son`s transferring to a day
school.Stephen`s hard times at his previous educational institution are relayed by his father and it
culminates with the great disappointment of the younger Dedalus.Later in the novel,the family`s
financial problems continue to grow ,that`s why Stephen loses even more respect for his father and
they are compelled to move.Once,when two males wend their way to sell of the family estate,Simon
comes back to his former school and communes with his former classmates.When Stephen hears about
his father`s bizarre behavior as a youth because of his flirtatious nature, he gets disappointed.He
begins to revolt against his strict edification,and fights against his family`s traditional values and way
of life.
Religion is a steady existing force in Stephen`s life.He is a pious Roman Catholic.When he is
young he attends a religious school and possesses religiouscognizance.He has great reference for the
priests at his school,and even fears the rector.As his life develops,Stephen finds out that he has special
feelings for women.Finally he lies down his desire`s arms and makes love with a prostitude in
Dublin.From this point of view,he begins to see his life as an immoral one and tries to correct it by
making a lot of attempts.He goes so far as to deprive all of his senses from any form of
pleasure.Stephen attends a religious retreat and takes all that he hears to heart.He comes to believe that
if he does not correct his ways,he will be banished to an eternity in Hell.Stephen decides that he must
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confess his immoral act and he goes to a small parish where he is not known.He tries to make amends
for his sins,but to no avail.Stephen`s sinful desires circumvent his spiritual values,and he decides to
abandon his religion.He swears himself to change his life for the best,and begins studying at a
university.During his university years,Stephen finds out his artistic nature and embraces it.He explains
his new theories to all who will listen,and decides to move away from Ireland and his repressed
beliefs,and to a new life of freedom.
“A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man” is a literary work that is full of explicit aspects
included in it.Perhaps one of the remarkable of them is the stylistic method of writing that Joyce
uses.Multiple use of quotation marks makes it difficult to judge where dialogue begins and
ends.Thisfact,however,lends itself towards the reader`s determination of what the author had in mind
by using this style.In addition to this,the plot is full of large gaps which makes it difficult to
understand for the reader.The period of time in the story,as well as the simple identification of
Stephen`s age is difficult to grasp during the certain stages.Maybe Joyce wants to the reader to bring a
more personal approach to the reading and understanding of the work.This is a captivating aspect of
the novel aswell.Many critics think that “A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man” is an
autobiographical piece of fiction.There are a lot of similarities that exist between Stephen Dedalus and
James Joyce.The strong religious upbringing of these Irishmen,their financial problems,and the family
life of each male is strikingly alike.Both of them attend the same schools,undergo the same mental and
spiritual development,and grow strongly attached to their artistic interests.Athough there are many
differences between their lives,it is truistic that Joyce depicted his own life when he created this work.
In conclusion,this novel is an apparent work of great literary skill.The mastery with which it was
written,and the questions it turns up in the reader`s own mind,verify the classic nature of Joyce`s
writing.The deep meaning of the portrayal compensates the times at which the story line is difficult to
follow.The life of Stephen represents the life of Joyce,and all his struggles to become whom he felt
that he was meant to.It symbolizes an effort that everyone should take to heart;when one believes in
something for themselves,one should attempt to achieve their goals no matter the difficulties that they
must overcome.
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