stories, and therefore their knowledge and their acts of authentication are in need of
further study.
2.1 Active users fight fake news
The
Ellinika Hoaxes Facebook group, which has more than 110.000 members, was
chosen as the case study since it consists of Greek users who spot and counter the
spread of fake news on social media. The members of this group are organized in
order to identify potential misleading information circulated on social media and
search for verification. For example, when the users have doubts about whether a
story is fake or not, they post it in the group and ask the other members to contribute
with their knowledge. The other users actively participate in the discussions by
providing external links with accurate data or by giving facts and other elements
which certify whether the story is fake or not. Similarly, when the users are aware of
a fake story, they also post it in the group explaining
its origins and the online
discussion begins in order to attract more people to participate and be aware of the
case. The group is a closed one in the sense that the administrators are responsible
for approving any new request for participation as well as any new post and users
that are not members of the group are not able to post.
It is worth mentioning that the group is directly connected with the Greek online
newspaper
Ellinika Hoaxes, which is a website devoted to present fake stories by
explaining why the data presented in these stories are inaccurate. Therefore, the
group operates as a parallel community where fake stories are discussed online, and
the members are able to provide their own knowledge and data in order to conclude
on whether a story is fake or not. In accordance, these online discussions lead to
significant conclusions and fake stories are spotted with users' participation. Then,
the stories are presented in
Ellinika Hoaxes newspaper as well, in order to inform
other users and the general audience. In a sense, the members of the group can be
described as active users who have an interest on identifying fake news and counter
its
distribution on social media, and consequently, their online presence is in
accordance with the focus of this study.
7
By analyzing the ways, the members of the
Ellinika Hoaxes Facebook group operate,
one could detect a set of methods and activities implemented by the members while
they are making an effort to identify fake news and curb its spread on social media.
This study focuses on listing these methods in order to identify the common patterns
used by the users. These patterns construct an effective strategy to fight the spread of
fake news on social media. To be more specific, after collecting and analyzing the
mechanisms
and tools the members of the Ellinika Hoaxes Facebook group
implement to detect fake stories online and counter their distribution, a researcher
could construct a strategy consisting of the most effective methods which might be
followed by other users or anyone who has an interest in fighting the spread of fake
news on social media. Based on the fact that the members of the
Ellinika Hoaxes
Facebook group contribute to the content presented on the Greek online newspaper
Ellinika Hoaxes, their knowledge on curbing fake news presents a clear interest, and
therefore their methods are also significant and worth being studying.
Even though the
Ellinika Hoaxes Facebook group is presented by its administrators
as an online community that consists of users who fight the spread of fake news,
there are many reasons to describe it as an activist community. According to
Ricketts, “it is the work of activists which pushes society along, prompts it to deal
with its own failings and inequalities and helps to manifest a vision of a better world”
(2012, p. 6).
The Ellinika Hoaxes Facebook group demonstrates activists’ practices
since it aims at building a better media ecosystem and helping users on social media
to be well-informed about current affairs – by reducing the spread of misleading
information. Ricketts (2012, p. 7) states that activism is a very broad term which
refers to actions and activities intentionally designed
to exert influence within
democratic processes and in this sense, we could see democracy as a process and
activism as a set of specific activities taking place as part of this process. Mirroring
Ricketts’s notion of activism on the
Ellinika Hoaxes Facebook group one could
detect users who are fighting against the spread of propaganda and misleading data
and are demanding a well-informed audience. Moreover, the group itself promotes
democracy, since the users can start online discussions about potential fake news,
share insights and data and build an open conversation where the other members can
freely contribute with their knowledge or insights. To ensure that the users within the
8
Ellinika Hoaxes Facebook group are able to spot and counter fake news efficiently,
inside collaborations are crucial for the group.
Based on the above it is clear that the members of the
Ellinika Hoaxes collaborate in
order to counter the spread of fake news. Marinez-Moyano (2006)
describes
collaboration as the process which occurs when two or more people (or
organizations) work together to realize or achieve a goal. This notion places
collaboration very close to cooperation. Collaboration is defined (Mattessich et al.,
2001) as a mutually beneficial and well-defined relationship entered into by two or
more partners to achieve common goals. In the case of
Ellinika Hoaxes, the Greek
uses work together to achieve a specific goal: to spot misleading information on
social media and inform other users about fake news. To achieve this goal, they
collaborate. For instance, when the users spot fake news distributed on social media,
they post it in the group and they ask other users for their views. An online
discussion starts, where,
by exchanging their knowledge, the users manage to
identify fake news and counter its spread. Consequently, it is clear that in the process
of spotting and curbing fake news, the collaboration between the members of the
group plays a significant role.
Dostları ilə paylaş: