3.1. Uses and Gratifications Theory
Based on the fact that this research lies in
the field of mass media and
communication studies, the Uses and Gratification Theory (UGT) was employed as
its theoretical framework. UGT is a popular
approach to understand mass
communication. This theory places more focus on the consumer, or audience, instead
of the actual message itself by asking what people do with media rather than what
media does to people (Leung and Wei, 2000). UGT was first proposed by Katz in
1959 and consecutive relevant
studies were conducted by Katz, Blumler, and
Gurevitch in 1974 (Hui-Fei and Chi-Hua, 2017). Based on the definition provided in
Hui-Fei and Chi-Hua’s recent study, UGT states that the audience selects media
based on personal needs and knows which media can satisfy their needs. In other
words, whether an audience uses a medium is determined by the latter´s usefulness in
providing information and is influenced by the audience’s motives. Consequently,
media behavior reflects previous interests and hobbies without being easily affected.
This theory assumes that members of the audience are not passive but instead they
implement an active role in interpreting and integrating media into their own lives. In
order to study the way members of the
Ellinika Hoaxes Facebook group interact with
fake news
distributed on social media, this theory
could provide a sufficient
theoretical framework to understand these Greek users and how they operate. For
instance, the fact that the members of this online community implement a set of
actions of authentication in order to spot fake news is in line with UGT, which
conceives the audience as active users. However, the UGT can also be used to
conceptualize the use of the media by the audience and in this case to study the
potential ways the members of the
Ellinika Hoaxes Facebook group use social media
and the Internet to spot fake news and counter its spread.
UGT is a framework that explains how and why people actively seek out for specific
types of media (Phua et al, 2017). According to UGT, people receive gratifications
through media, which satisfy their informational, social, and leisure needs. Studies
applying UGT have found that the individual differences of members of the audience
– including media self-efficacy, habitual behavior, prior attitudes, and self-regulation
– serve to moderate their media selections (e.g.,
Humphreys,
Von Pape and
Karnowski, 2013; LaRose and Eastin, 2004). These media selections, in turn, lead to
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enhanced knowledge, social interaction, diversion, escapism, and civic participation
(Gil de Zuniga, 2012). More recently, scholarly research has drawn upon UGT to
examine audiences' goal-directed consumption behavior in the computer-mediated
communication context (Gil de Zuniga 2012; Papacharissi and Mendelson, 2010). In
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