3.2 Aspects of the MoLeCoP framework This study used the four-factor MoLeCoP framework to pinpoint the factors influ-
encing students’ use of mobile devices during lectures for programming classes. The char-
acteristics of each factor and how they relate to students’ use of mobile devices to study
more effectively are as follows:
Promoting engagement in a learning system (based on attitude towards com- puter use). The views of teachers on promoting the use of m-learning have had a significant
impact on how much students are using technology [11]. Student engagement is the pro-
cess that encourages students to take part in their education and values intellectual atti-
tudes [12], [13]. This factor is related to students’ satisfaction and attitude toward m-
learning and whether that attitude is positive or negative.
According to Graham et al. [14], the significance of improving student learning
through involvement is not new. The degree of student engagement has been proven to
impact the success of the learning process, as well as student retention in schools or
program enrolment [14]. As a result, active participation in the learning process is one
of the crucial factors in students’ academic performance [48].
Enhancing students’ learning experience (based on the constructivism of seven principles). According to Chickering and Gamson [15], the constructivism attribute
and the seven principles of effective learning for mobile-based education align with the
learning process embracing m-learning. Most teachers think that teamwork feedback is
an essential factor.
Mobile devices make it possible to receive immediate feedback. M-learning facili-
tates feedback, assisting students in completing their assignments. Programming educa-
tion tools may provide feedback in the form of correct and incorrect responses, points or
extrinsic rewards (such as animation, sound effects and increased power) [16]. Students
exert more effort and perform better when they can track their progress toward their in-
tended goals. M-learning is very helpful in large classrooms because it enables teachers
to communicate with students by delivering messages about the course they are teaching,
even when they are doing so from a distance [17].
